Tossups - Trash



Tossups

1. He was a god of grain and agriculture worshipped by the Amorites, Eblans, and Ugaritic peoples, for whom his name also meant grain. Sanchuniathon reports that his name means siton, the Greek word for grain,* and claims that after he discovered agriculture, he was worshipped as Zeus Arotrios. He was occasionally equated with Enlil by the Sumerians and was mentioned in Hammurabi’s Code. Rashi, an 11th Century Rabbi, posits that he was part fish, a tradition which was used by Milton in Paradise Lost. FTP, name this god, the chief deity of the Biblical Philistines.

ANSWER: Dagon or Dagnu or Dagana

2. The spores are spread rapidly in warm, wet conditions, especially when the temperature is above 10°C and humidity is above 75% for several straight days. Often, the spores may fall to the ground, during rain, entering the soil, or may travel miles in the wind.* Early signs include black spots on leaf tips and white mold under the leaves in humid conditions. Infected tubers develop gray or reddish-brown patches and quickly decay into foul-smelling mush. FTP, what is this disease, caused by an oomycete, largely responsible for the 1847 Irish potato famine?

ANSWER: Potato Blight or Phytophthora infestans

3. At first, he serves as a batman for Lieutenant Lukas, but his constant bumbling and tendency to follow orders to the letter cause to much trouble for the Lieutenant.* At one point, he tries on a Russian uniform, and is consequently arrested as a spy; at another, while trying to find a pet for his Lieutenant, he steals the dog of the commanding officer. He is eventually transferred to serve under an atheist Army chaplain. FTP, so go some of the adventures of the title character of what Jaroslav Hašek novel?

ANSWER: The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Svejk During the World War

4. In January, 1966, Ibo officers attempted a brief and bloody coup, which resulted in retaliatory mass killings of Ibo migrants in northern Nigeria over the summer.* Most Ibo lived in what was then the Eastern Region under Lt. Col. Cukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, which subsequently declared independence. With support only from South Africa and France, however, this country was unable to stand and its capital was repeatedly moved, from Enugu to Aba to Umuahia and finally to Owerri. FTP, name this short-lived African nation, the first African country founded by Africans.

ANSWER: Republic of Biafra

5. “It had to be central intelligence, the family, all of this, the agency-Mafia/ One big set of criminal gangs working together/* Hitmen/ Murderers everywhere/ The secret/ The drunk/ The brutal/ The dirty rich/ On top of a slag heap of prisons/ Industrial cancer/ Plutonium smog/ Garbage cities/ Grandma’s bed soft from fathers’ resentment/ It had to be the rulers/ They wanted law and order/ And they got rich on wanton protection for the status quo/ They wanted junkies/ They wanted Attica/ They wanted Kent State/ They wanted war in Indochina”. FTP, what is this poem by Allen Ginsberg which appears on Rage Against the Machine’s album Live & Rare?

ANSWER: Hadda Be Playin’ on a Jukebox

6. It is usually made from the root of a bamboo culm and it is extremely versatile, because the holes can be plugged partially to produce subtle changes in sound.* Its name means “1.8 foot” even though instruments may vary in size from 1.3 to 3.3 feet in length. A player blows across the opening as one would blow across the top of a bottle, however, unlike with a recorder, the player has substantial pitch control because of a sharpened lip at the opposite end of the opening. FTP, what is this Japanese flute, associated with the Fuke sect for their use in Suizen and used to play honkyoku?

ANSWER: Shakuhachi

7. The connections, specifically S-Duality, T-Duality, and U-Duality, were all known prior to Edward Witten,* but it was he, who, nonetheless, posited that the connections were the result of there being some underlying theory to which the 5 string theories were all approximations. It is noted for expanding upon the 10 dimensional limit of string theory to 11 dimensions to account for supergravity. FTP, what is this theory, which united quantum mechanics with general relativity.

ANSWER: M Theory

8. This movement is sometimes called Salafism, the path of the pious predcessors, and members’ term for the sect is al-Muwahhidun, or “the Monotheists”.* It is often associated with the Hanbali maddhab and considers Sufism and Shi’ism to follow innovated practices which place them outside of the realm of Islam. It attacks many sects for grave worship and the wearing of charms, but is itself considered heretical by the Ash’ari and Maturidis as being anthropomorphist. FTP, name this Islamic sect, which began in the 18th Century and which is the major sect of Saudi Arabia.

ANSWER: Wahhabi or Wahhabism

9. He occasionally leaves behind a “calling card” which at first appears blank, but, upon being touched, releases smoke revealing his symbol. He works as a crusading television journalist, seeking to uncover corruption and has been portrayed as a “conspiracy theorist”,* whose real name is Charles Victor Szasz. When he comes upon a problem which he cannot investigate by normal means, he dons a special mask hidden in his belt buckle, which makes it appear that he has no face. FTP, who is this comic book character, originally created by Steve Ditko for Charlton Comics and now owned by DC Comics, who acts as a vehicle for Ditko’s objectivist philosophy.

ANSWER: The Question

10. In the Honeymoon Suite, a coven of witches is brewing a potion to undo a spell placed on their goddess 40 years before. Eva, played by Ione Skye, is charged with acquiring the final ingredient, semen.* In Room 404, a husband and wife are enjoying a hostage fantasy, but their fantasy is mistaken for a real hostage situation. In Room 309, two children are left in the room while their parents go enjoy the evening, but the children are hellions in every since of the word and make life hard on their babysitter. In the Penthouse, a young director and some friends have decided to reenact an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents. FTP, so goes the plot of what 1995 film starring Tim Roth as a bellhop?

ANSWER: Four Rooms

11. It was the result of a jam session in Montreux, Switzerland, and reached #1 in the UK, though only #29 in the US. The B-side for the single was “Soul Brother”.* It is best known for its bass-line, which John Deacon credited to David Bowie, who claims that it was already being used before he arrived. It was covered by My Chemical Romance and The Used for Tsunami Relief and the baseline was illegally sampled by Vanilla Ice for his hit “Ice Ice Baby”. FTP, name this song, a collaboration between Bowie and Queen.

ANSWER: “Under Pressure”

12. He joined the Supersonics in 2000, but retired after only 9 games. This was just another chapter in his disappointing pro career, which included missing the first half of the 1994-95 season,* his first with the Boston Celtics, because of knee problems and missing a combined 59 games in the 1992-93 and 1993-94 seasons with the Washington Bullets. He earned the Most Improved Player award in the 1991-92 season, after averaging 20.0 points per game. FTP, who is this former Louisville star, who lead the Cardinals to their second NCAA championship in 1986?

ANSWER: “Never Nervous Pervis” Ellison

13. She was born in Victoria in the Seychelles and was raised by nuns after a freak plane-train accident killed her parents, Jim and Pat Smith.* After moving in with the family with which her parents had a godparent agreement, she attends Grant Junior High School and is formally adopted by the Lawsons, due in large part to the meddling of their neighbor, Bonnie Brindle. Her sister is Vanessa, who acts quite haughtily and impetuously. All of this, however, is just a show, as she was actually invented by Ted Lawson and brought to his house for beta-testing. FTP, name this fictional gynoid played by Tiffany Brissette on Small Wonder.

ANSWER: Victoria “Vickie” Ann-Smith Lawson or V.I.C.I. or Voice Input Child Identicant

14. Printed on their boxes is the phrase “Our delivery drivers only carry up to $20 in change” either to discourage mugging, encourage customers to have the correct change, or both. Their pizza sauce is vegan,* the cheese is produced using microbial enzymes, and the crust is made using whey. The chain is headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the first international store was opened in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in the 1980s. FTP, what is this pizza delivery franchise, founded by Tom Monaghan in 1960 and which is the second largest pizza chain in the US?

ANSWER: Domino’s Pizza

15. They have remixed songs by 808 State, Agent Provocateur, Mekon, David Arnold, and Soul Coughing and have collaborated with other artists, such as the Jungle Brothers, whose 1999 album, V.I.P., they produced, and Rufus Wainwright, whose song “Shadows” they also produced.* When Wall of Sound released a two disc album commemorating their 10th Anniversary, Alex Gifford provided the second album, a remix album which also included a brand new track by the band featuring Livingroom Johnston. FTP, name this band, which has to date only released one album, 1998’s Decksanddrumsandrockandroll, featuring the tracks “History Repeating”, “Take California”, and “Spybreak!”.

ANSWER: The Propellerheads

16. Its NORAD set was the single most expensive set built up that time, costing approximately $1 million, and in five months, it grossed $74 million in the US alone. A cautionary tale about mutual assured destruction,* it featured two false premises at its core: one, that there was a single button which could launch thermonuclear war, and two, that a closed loop system could be penetrated by a dial-up modem. It was also one of the first movies to focus on the activities of teenage hackers. FTP, name this 1983 movie starring Matthew Broderick and Ally Sheedy.

ANSWER: WarGames

Boni

1. Identify in which period in the Cenozoic era each of the following events took place F10PE.

A. Primitive whales begin to diversify and the first grasses appear. The glaciation of Antarctica marks the beginning of the current ice age.

ANSWER: Eocene

B. Horses and mastodons emerge as do the first species of hominoids, as grasses become ubiquitous.

ANSWER: Miocene

C. Australopithecines and many of the modern genera of mammals and mollusks appear, coinciding with an intensification of the present ice age, with a marked cooling and drying of the climate.

ANSWER: Pliocene

2. One of the many reasons given for the inevitable Confederate loss in the American Civil War has always been the deaths of so many of its skilled generals, with men such as Albert S. Johnston and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson falling in the course of the war. F10PE, identify the following battles which saw Confederate generals fall.

A. Considered one of the worst military blunders of the Confederate army, this battle saw John Bell Hood’s Army of Tennessee smash relentlessly against John M. Schofield’s heavily entrenched Army of the Ohio. Six Confederate generals died in this battle: Patrick Cleburne, John Adams, O.F. Strahl, John C. Carter, Hiram Granbury, and States’ Rights Gist.

ANSWER: Second Battle of Franklin

B. A force of 10,000 cavalry along with 32 artillery pieces faced a much smaller Confederate force of 4500. The result was a short and swift battle which saw J.E.B. Stuart killed by a Union private, as well as the death of James B. Gordon. The battle achieved three Union goals, death of Stuart, threatening Richmond, and disruption of Lee’s supply line.

ANSWER: Battle of Yellow Tavern

C. Despite the early successes of Jubal Early’s dawn attack, routing over 2/3 of the Union forces, the battle ended in a tremendous defeat with both the loss of Stephen D. Ramseur, who had 3 horses shot from under him and was himself killed, and also the destruction of Early’s army after Sheridan’s successful counterattack caught Early’s forces unprepared.

ANSWER: Battle of Cedar Creek or Battle of Belle Grove

3. Identify the following Jewish holidays F10PE.

A. Falling on February 13 this year, this holiday is set aside in the Mishna as a day to present tithes of fruit. In the 17th Century, Rabbi Yitzchak Luria created a short seder for it, in order to better explore its Kabbalistic themes. It is often celebrated now as a sort of Arbor Day.

ANSWER: Tu Bishvat

B. Falling on March 14 this year, this holiday commemorates the failed attempt of Harman to exterminate the Persian Jews as recorded in the Megillah or the Book of Esther. Gifts are usually given among friends and it says in the Talmud that one should drink until it is impossible to distinguish between “curse Harman” and “blessed be Mordechai”

ANSWER: Purim

C. Falling on June 2 this year, this holiday is often known as Pentecost or the Feast of Weeks. It marks the end of counting Omer and it is associated both with the wheat harvest and with the Ten Commandments. Among many Reformed Jews, a rite of confirmation was adopted for this holiday to conform to Protestant practices.

ANSWER: Shavuot

4. Which do you know more about, the Saturnian system or the Uranian system? [Moderator, await response and read appropriate bonus]

I. Identify the following about moons in the Saturnian system FTSNOP.

A. 10) Some have compared this moon to the Death Star, because of the presence of a large impact crater, named Herschel after the moon’s discoverer. The crater is 130 km wide, approximately 1/3 the diameter of the moon.

ANSWER: Mimas

B. 15) Discovered by William Pickering in 1899, it was the last of Saturn’s moons discovered before the Space Age. It is the first of the so-called Norse group, both in closeness and in order of discovery. It is believed that it is a captured Centaur and some scientists think that it is responsible for the color of Hyperion and the leading hemisphere of Iapetus.

ANSWER: Phoebe

C. 5) Discovered by Christiaan Huygens, it is the second largest moon in the solar system and the only one known to have a dense atmosphere. It is currently being studied by the Cassini-Huygens mission.

ANSWER: Titan

II. Identify the following about moons in the Uranian system FTSNOP.

A. 5) All or none, these are Uranus’ two largest moons, both of which are named for characters from A Midsummer Night’s Dream and were discovered by William Herschel in 1787.

ANSWER: Oberon and Titania (in either order)

B. 5-10) 5 for 1, 10 for both, name the other two moons which were part of the group of four named by John Herschel. Discovered by William Lassell, one was named for a character in The Tempest, and the other for a “dusky melancholy sprite” from The Rape of the Lock.

ANSWER: Ariel and Umbriel (in either order)

C. 15) Named for a character from King Lear, this moon is the closest to Uranus. It acts as a shepherd satellite for Uranus’ epsilon ring and its orbit is slowly decaying because it is in Uranus’ synchronous orbit radius.

ANSWER: Cordelia

5. Egyptian mythology is generally thought to be focused primarily on death. F10PE, identify the following related to death in Egyptian myth.

A. When a soul dies, it is led through the hall of Duat by this god, which is often depicted with a distinctly canine head, though it is unknown whether it is the head of a dog or of a jackal.

ANSWER: Anubis or Anpu or Anupu

B. Once in Duat, the heart of the dead was weighed against a feather, which was to represent the pure heart of this goddess of truth.

ANSWER: Maát

C. If a person was found to be worthy, their soul would be sent to Aaru, where they would dwell with Osiris. If the soul was found to be weighed down with sin, it would be eaten by this demon, which was part crocodile, part lion, and part hippopotamus, forcing them to remain forever in Duat.

ANSWER: Ammit or Ahemait

6. Though he is best known for his novels The Castle and The Trial and for his novella The Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka also wrote a number of important and interesting short stories. F10PE, identify the following Kafka works from a brief description.

A. A son and his father have a conversation, which turns into a series of sharp accusations against the son. His father accuses him of having invented the friend of whom he speaks and condemns him to drown. Immediately, the son goes to the river and jumps in.

ANSWER: The Judgement or Das Urteil

B. Giving a tour to the Traveler, the Officer is excited to present to him a device he had devised with the previous commandant, a torture device which etched beautiful designs along with the name of their crime on the bodies of prisoners. Realizing the world is against him, the Officer straps himself in and is impaled when the machine breaks.

ANSWER: In the Penal Colony or In der Strafkolonie

C. Claiming that he fasted because he could never find any food that he liked, the title character of this short story dies in his circus cage after having fasted for a long time. He was paid little attention by the circus audiences, and, after his death, a panther is placed in the cage and is able to draw those same crowds.

ANSWER: A Hunger Artist or Ein Hungerkünstler

7. Though it has been 15 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, there are still ethnic, territorial, and political disputes throughout the region. F10PE, identify the following areas which are currently experiencing some of that tumult.

A. Covering 8600 km2 at the western end of Georgia, this is currently an autonomous republic. It is seeking either admission as a federal republic into the Russian Federation or full independence, which it declared in 1992. An armed conflict arose in 1989, but UN and CIS peacekeeping forces have been stationed there since 1994.

ANSWER: Republic of Abkhazia

B. Following talks in 1990 of reunification with Romania, this small territory in eastern Moldova, which has a Slavic-speaking majority, but a large Romanian minority, declared its independence followed by a civil war beginning in 1992. It is controlled by Igor Smirnov and contains over 90% of Moldova’s electricity production.

ANSWER: Transnistria or Transdniester or Stânga Nistrului or Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic

C. Initially, efforts were dedicated to transferring this territory from Azerbaijan to Armenia, but independence was declared in 1991 in a national referendum boycotted by Azeri residents. Though claiming independence and still being considered part of Azerbaijan internationally, it is closely tied to Armenia, who sided with it during the civil war.

ANSWER: Nagorno-Karabakh or Artsakh or Dağliq Qarabağ

8. Shakespeare has had a profound effect on the English language, and many of his quotes are among the most famous in the world. Identify the character who speaks the following quote F10PE or F5PE, if you need an easier quote.

A. 10) “As flies to wanton boys, are we to the gods; they kill us for their sport.”

5) “I have no way, and therefore want no eyes; I stumbled when I saw.”

ANSWER: Earl of Gloucester

B. 10) “O sleep! O gentle sleep! Nature’s soft nurse, how have I frightened thee, that thou wilt no more weigh my eyelids down and steep my senses in forgetfulness?”

5) “Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.”

ANSWER: King Henry IV

C. 10) “I could be well moved if I were as you. If I could pray to move, prayers would move me. But I am as constant as the Northern Star, of whose true fixed and resting quality there is no fellow in the firmament.”

5) “Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste death but once.”

ANSWER: Julius Caesar

9. Identify the movie from quotes 40-30-20-10.

A. 40) “I…”

B. 30) “I don’t want no chicks with zits, I want fine chicks”.

C. 20) “I’d kick his ass if it wasn’t for his massive upper body strength”.

D. 10) “Ever since you got hit by that laser at that Blue Öyster Cult, you’ve been acting like a pussy”.

ANSWER: The Stöned Age

10. Fortunately for fans, most college football stadiums are not named for large companies. Given a college or university, identify the stadium in which it plays its home football games F5PE.

A. University of Oregon

ANSWER: Autzen Stadium

B. University of Tennessee-Knoxville

ANSWER: Neyland Stadium

C. University of Wisconsin-Madison

ANSWER: Camp Randall Stadium

D. Syracuse University

ANSWER: Carrier Dome

E. University of Utah

ANSWER: Rice-Eccles Stadium

F. University of Texas-El Paso

ANSWER: Sun Bowl Stadium

11. Identify the following alien races from the Star Wars universe F10PE.

A. Noted environmentalists and herbivores, they are dedicated to the preservation of their home planet’s ecosystem, so much so, that they have moved off and live in orbiting cities above it. They are often called “Hammerheads” because of their distinctive heads and Roron Corobb was a Jedi killed by General Greivous while protecting Chancellor Palpatine.

ANSWER: Ithorians

B. Admiral Ackbar, who designed the B-wing and served as supreme commander of the Rebel Alliance naval forces, is a famous member of this race. They are able to breath underwater and are noted for their proficiency in ship design, which before the Galactic Civil War they had honed in the construction of pleasure craft.

ANSWER: Mon Calamari

C. On their home planet, they live in a tribal society dominated by the females, but away from home are often employed as mercenaries, guards, or heavy laborers. They resemble pigs and have a distinctive, almost pig-like grunt.

ANSWER: Gamorreans

12. Identify the following MMORPGs from a brief description F10PE.

A. There are seven schools that a player can choose from: Weaponscraft, Qor, Shal’ille, Kraanen, Faren, Jala, and Riija; and three factions to join: Jonas D’Accor’s rebels, the throne of Princess Kateriina, and the throne of Duke Arkadius. It was released in 1996 by 3DO, becoming the first modern MMORPG, and is now available through Near Death Studios.

ANSWER: Meridian 59

B. Published by Funcom, it is set in the year 29475 on the desert world of Rubi-Ka. Players can choose to join either Omni-Tek, a hypercorporation who has exclusive ownership rights of Rubi-Ka, or The Clans, Rubi-Ka colonists rebelling against Omni-Tek. “Magic spells” are created by the use of nanotechnology, aided by the mining of notum on Rubi-Ka.

ANSWER: Anarchy Online

C. Though based on typical fantasy fiction, many of the creatures in this game are unique to it, including the insect-like Olthoi, the troll-like Banderlings, and the Lugians, a race of grey giants. Turbine Software holds the rights to the franchise. Its sequel, Fallen Kings, is generally considered a failure, because of early bugs and a small player population.

ANSWER: Asheron’s Call

13. Sometimes, the record producers and record label owners are as famous as many of the artists with whom they work. F10PE, identify the following famous or infamous hip hop label owners from a brief description.

A. He went to college on an athletic scholarship and played as a replacement player for the Oakland Raiders during the NFL strike of the 1980s. Vanilla Ice once accused him of hanging him outside of a window to secure the royalties for “Ice Ice Baby” and he is currently the head of The Row Records, which he founded after Death Row Records went bankrupt.

ANSWER: Marion “Suge” Knight

B. Born Irving Lorenzo, he founded Murder Inc., Records, the label which carries JaRule, Bobby Brown, and Ashanti, among others. The Ja Rule-50 Cent feud allegedly began when Ja Rule and this man had a physical altercation with 50 Cent and he was arrested in 2005 on charges of laundering drug money for alleged drug kingpin “Supreme” McGriff.

ANSWER: Irv Gotti

C. When he was 14, he became the youngest charting record producer at age 14 and the murder of a friend of Suge Knight at a birthday party thrown for him was part of the so-called “East Coast vs. West Coast” feud. He is head of So So Def Records and is married to Janet Jackson.

ANSWER: Jermaine Dupri or Jermaine Maudlin

14. As we all know, Scrappy Doo is Scooby’s nephew, but can you name these other relatives of Scooby Doo F10PE?

A. Owned by a very Shaggy-esque sheriff and living in the American southwest, he is more competent than his brother. He is white and is often quite desperate to make sure that justice is served to the “desperados” he runs across.

ANSWER: Yabba Doo

B. A dim-witted dog, he longs to be a detective and often continues to search for clues even after the mystery has been solved. Grey and buck-toothed, he lives in the Okefenokee swamp with Ma and Pa Skillet.

ANSWER: Scooby Dum

C. Scooby’s sister, she is little remembered except for being Scrappy’s mother. Shaggy and Scooby were both at the hospital on the night of she gave birth to him.

ANSWER: Ruby Doo

15. Identify the following players from the US Women’s National Soccer Team F10PE.

A. She is the University of Florida’s all-time leading goal scorer and won the Founders’ Cup MVP award for the 2003 WUSA title game with the Washington Freedom. Her national team career is notable for a goal against rival Norway in the 2003 World Cup and for a header in extra time against Brazil in the gold medal match of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

ANSWER: Mary Abigail “Abby” Wambach

B. At 295 caps, she has played in more international games than any other player in soccer history, and her 3 goals in the 2004 Summer Olympics was second on the team only to Abby Wambach’s 4. She currently plays with Karlslunds IF of Damallsvenskan, Sweden’s top women’s soccer division.

ANSWER: Kristine Marie Lilly

C. She played alongside Abby Wambach at the University of Florida and scored the first two goals of her international career in 2004 against Canada in a friendly before the Olympics and against Iceland during the “Fan Appreciation Tour”, both game-winners.

ANSWER: Heather Mitts

16. They annoy us to no end, and yet sometimes we still find enough fun in watching their shows. F15PE, identify the following infomercial pitchmen.

A. Often known as the enthusiastic “Sweater Man” on the infomercial series Amazing Discoveries, he starred in over 100 infomercials and made appearances on Friends and Sliders before dying of lung cancer in 2003.

ANSWER: Mike Levey

B. He has been banned from pitching any products by the FCC because of repeatedly making unsubstantiated and fraudulent claims, stemming from an infomercial for Coral Calcium. He is also author of the book Natural Cures “They” Don’t Want You to Know About in which he proposes a governmental conspiracy holding back homeopathic cures.

ANSWER: Kevin Trudeau

Extra Boni

TRASH. Identify the following gymnasts who participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics from a brief description F10PE.

A. Russia’s all-time most successful gymnast, she won silver in the All-Around Competition, behind Carly Patterson, after posting 38.211 overall score. She has won 20 medals and won 13 events at the European Championships in her career, both of which are records.

ANSWER: Svetlana Khorkina

B. Like Carly Patterson, she won three medals at the 2004 Games, but all of hers were gold: for team, balance beam, and floor exercise. At the 2004 European Championships, she won the same three medals, and her Romanian team won 6 medals at the Games.

ANSWER: Cătălina Ponor

C. One of only two non-American or Eastern Europeans to medal, she won the uneven parallel bars event with a score of 9.687 over Americans Terin Humphrey and Courtney Kupets. She was responsible for 1 of France’s 11 gold medals at the Games.

ANSWER: Émilie Lepennac

Academic. Identify the following philosophers associated with Confucianism F10PE.

A. Considered the Second Sage of Confucianism, his development of the philosophy is considered orthodox and he is credited with writing one of the Four Classics. He developed the idea that humans are inherently good and that it was society which corrupted. He also advocated the violent overthrow of governments which did not benefit the people.

ANSWER: Mencius or Mengzi

B. A student with Meng Zi, he believed that human nature was inherently evil and thought that only through education and appropriate conduct could goodness be established. He recognized morality as a social invention and his students Li Si and Han Feizi developed his authoritarian philosophy into the School of Law.

ANSWER: Xun Zi

C. Though considered unorthodox in his lifetime, much of his work is now considered standard Confucian commentary and he was a leader of the Neo-Confucian movement. He developed the idea that all things are created by the universal elements, qi and li. He is also responsible for codifying the Confucian canon, the Four Classics and the Five Classics.

ANSWER: Zhu Xi

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