PHRASES CLAUSES SENTENCES



PHRASES CLAUSES SENTENCES GRADE 7

1. A phrase is a group of related words used as a single part of speech and does not contain both a subject and a verb.

2. A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object.

3. A prepositional phrase may be adjectival (modifying a noun) or adverbial (modifying a verb).

A. The plant with the pink flowers is an azalea.

B. The american flag hung from the window.

4. A verb phrase combines an action verb or linking verb with one or more auxiliary, or helping verbs.

Examples:

has been swimming

will buy

should be

have changed

did know

a. He has been swimming for an hour.

b. I will buy a cookbook for my brother.

c. Bernice should be the team’s captain.

d. Have you changed your mind?

e. He did not know the answer.

4. An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed after another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it.

An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and its modifiers.

a. The writer Toni Morrison is a respected American novelist.

b. Bill Cosby, a comedian and an actor, has written several books.

c. Miss Domingues, a teacher at the Douglas School, is my aunt.

d. Martin Luther King,Jr., the well-known leader in the civil rights movement, was also a minister.

1. Two boys, Marco and Joey, can carry this tray of food upstairs.

2. My friend Caroline will enjoy the card.

3. Her brothers, members of a rock band, will provide the music.

4. I hope she likes my gift, two tickets to next week’s ice show.

5. Caroline is arriving soon on the bus, the express from the city.

6. She will be excited to see her guests, all of her school friends.

5. A verbal is a verb form used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Do not confuse verbals with verbs.

a. Swimming is good exercise.

b. The waxed floors were slippery.

c. To arrive at daybreak, the emergency supplies must be flown out

before ten o’clock.

THE PARTICIPLE

6. A participle is a verbal or verb form that can be used as an adjective.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES END IN -ING.

PAST PARTICIPLES END IN -D OR -ED OR ARE IRREGULAR.

7. A participial phrase consists of a participle together with its modifiers and complements. The entire phrase is used as an adjective.

A PARTICIPLE MAY HAVE AN AUXILIARY VERB SUCH AS BEING, HAVING, OR HAVING BEEN.

EXAMPLE:

Samuel Morse, having invented the telegraph, asked the aid of Congress.

POSITION OF THE PARTICIPLE

THE PARTICIPLE MAY BE PLACED AFTER THE NOUN OR PRONOUN IT MODIFIES, OR IT MAY BE USED IN AN INTRODUCTORY PHRASE.

EXAMPLES:

Lying in the sun, we felt warm and sleepy.

The room, painted black and turquoise, is very unusual.

Humming softly, she swept the sidewalk.

The direction, written in Spanish, were difficult for me to read.

THE GERUND

8. A gerund is a verbal, or verb form, that ends in -ing and is used as a noun.

a. Cooking is an art for some people.

b. His favorite pastime is painting.

c. My brother was packing instead of cleaning his room.

9. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and its modifiers and complements. A gerund phrase is used as a noun.

AS A NOUN, A GERUND CAN HAVE ONE OF 6 NOUN SYNTAXES: SUBJECT, SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT, DIRECT OBJECT, OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION, INDIRECT OBJECT, APPOSITIVE.

a. Approaching the dog slowly was the most sensible idea.

b. The poem celebrated the gentle blossoming of the rose.

c. By moving through the crowded room, the mayor was able to

greet all.

THE INFINITIVE

10. An infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded by to, that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

a. I want to try.

b. Anna is the one to ask.

c. Are you well enough to run?

11. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive together with its modifiers and complements. The entire phrase may be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

AS A NOUN, AN INFINITIVE CAN HAVE ONE OF 6 NOUN SYNTAXES: SUBJECT, SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT, DIRECT OBJECT, OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION, INDIRECT OBJECT , APPOSITIVE.

a. To design a computer program takes skill.

b. Which is the best stroller to buy for a baby?

IDENTIFY ALL PHRASES (PREPOSITIONAL, VERB, APPOSITIVE, PARTICIPIAL, GERUND, INFINITIVE)

1. Reading the book, she fell asleep.

2. The police set out to solve the crime and to maintain justice.

3. The woman on the billboard over there is a famous athlete.

4. The man, having painted the house, took a rest.

5. Staying in shape is not as difficult as it appears.

6. James, my intelligent brother, solved the problem with pure logic.

7. She found the time to help me with the job.

8. Having completed the mission, he filed a report.

9. The cake in the refrigerator should be saved for tomorrow.

10. Thinking about the future, she opened a savings account.

11. Having parked the car, we went into the theater.

12. Mrs. Jones, my next door neighbor, likes singing in the morning.

13. Gaining confidence, she sent them a letter.

14. Greta wanted to open the package.

15. Watching the sunset, we sat on the cliffs for hours

16. Reading blueprints is not as easy as it sounds.

17. A waiter’s job is to serve a table.

18. The gentleman standing in the aisle is the owner.

19. Running into the house, Mary tripped on the rug.

20. Tom brought a book to lend me.

21. The mysteries of outer space are waiting for us.

22. They accused him of robbing the bank.

23. We’ll have to run to catch the train.

24. The fisherman, weathered by experience, calmly took the line.

CLAUSES

A CLAUSE IS A GROUP OF WORDS CONTAINING A SUBJECT AND A PREDICATE AND IS USED AS A PART OF A SENTENCE.

A MAIN (PRINCIPAL, INDEPENDENT) CLAUSE CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND A PREDICATE, EXPRESSES A COMPLETE THOUGHT, AND CAN STAND ALONE.

A SUBORDINATE (DEPENDENT) CLAUSE CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND A PREDICATE BUT DOES NOT EXPRESS A COMPLETE THOUGHT AND CANNOT STAND ALONE.

MAIN CLAUSE, SUBORDINATE CLAUSE, OR PHRASE????

1. we built a swimming pool

2. on the front page

3. after everyone had voted

4. which was sold at the auction

5. after many years

6. during the bad snowstorm

7. the celebrity wore dark glasses

8. although our supplies were giving out

9. who escaped without harm

10. in the dolphin’s tank

11. when the ship docked at Rotterdam

12. would have been found

AN ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE IS A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE THAT DOES THE WORK OF AN ADJECTIVE (MODIFIES NOUNS OR PRONOUNS).

ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES ARE INTRODUCED BY RELATIVE PRONOUNS OR RELATIVE ADVERBS

RELATIVE PRONOUNS- WHO WHOSE WHOM WHICH THAT

RELATIVE ADVERBS- WHERE WHEN WHY

• Who, whose, whom refer to people.

• Which refers to animals and things.

• That refers to people, animals, and thing.

• Who is always nominative (subject in adjectival clause)

• Whose is always possessive.

• Whom is always objective (direct object or object of a preposition in an adjectival clause.)

• Which can be a subject, direct object, or an object of a preposition in an adjectival clause.

• That can be a subject or a direct object in an adjectival clause.

• Which usually introduces non-essential clauses

• That usually introduces essential clauses.

The coin that we found in the woods is very old.

The Pueblo, who live in the Southwest, have a very old culture.

My little cousin, whom I took to the zoo, enjoyed the monkeys’ antics.

Odysseus, whose adventures are told in an epic poem, was a legendary hero of the ancient Greeks.

The wagon into which we climbed was filled with hay

I finished all the pie that Carlotta made.

The girl who reported to the teacher is my cousin.

I want a jacket that zips up the front.

Use the following as adjectival clauses:

1. that I put together (ESSENTIAL)

2. that held the treasure (ESSENTIAL)

3. whom I met at the concert

4. that has black stripes (ESSENTIAL)

5. which was missing (NON-ESSENTIAL)

6. which grows best in the shade (NON-ESSENTIAL)

7. who is my favorite author

8. that ends sadly (ESSENTIAL)

9. that I forgot (ESSENTIAL)

1. which takes ten hours (NON-ESSENTIAL)

AN ADVERBIAL CLAUSE IS A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE THAT DOES THE WORK OF AN ADVERB (MODIFIES A VERB, ADJECTIVE, OR ADVERB.)

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ARE INTRODUCED BY SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

AFTER, ALTHOUGH, AS, BECAUSE, BEFORE, FOR, IF, PROVIDED, SINCE, SO, THAN, THAT, THEN, UNLESS, UNTIL, WHEN, WHERE, WHILE, AS SOON AS, IN ORDER THAT, PROVIDED THAT, AS IF, INASMUCH AS, SO THAT

Nabil missed the game because he overslept.

If Kim Lee is late, he will be unhappy.

Before we played the game, we had a long practice.

Georgia will come to the game if she finishes her homework.

He acted as if he had never seen a puppy before.

While the team was in the locker room, we watched the band perform.

I’ll help you so that you can finish your project on time.

Until Maria arrived, no one knew the location of the party.

Use the following as adverbial clauses:

1. since I was in the first grade

2. while I was reading

3. before they had telephones

4. as if it were alive

5. before you go

6. if we stay until five

A NOUN CLAUSE IS A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USED AS A NOUN.

A NOUN CLAUSE HAS 6 SYNTAXES (USES).

• SUBJECT,

• SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT,

• DIRECT OBJECT,

• OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION,

• INDIRECT OBJECT,

• APPOSITIVE

That I love baseball is a well known fact.

Bread was what Marie made for the picnic.

He knew which bear was in the cave.

She is grateful for whatever help she can get.

Use the following as noun clauses:

1. that those children study

2. whether the clock is correct

3. that she was seeking elected office

4. where they had started

5. that the contest should be held

6. where the game is being played

SENTENCE STRUCTURE (SENTENCES LABELED ACCORDING TO FORM)

A SIMPLE SENTENCE HAS ONE MAIN CLAUSE AND NO SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.

Teresa ordered a new tape recorder from a catalog.

Jorge studied all of the facts and then made his decision.

A COMPOUND SENTENCE HAS TWO OR MORE MAIN CLAUSES AND NO SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.

My aunt lost her keys, but luckily I had an extra set.

Gary Soto thought his first poems were awkward; therefore, he worked hard to improve his writing.

A COMPLEX SENTENCE HAS ONE MAIN CLAUSE AND ONE OR MORE SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

The student who designed the stage set is in my theater class.

Although Columbus made four trips to the Americas, he never set foot on the North American mainland.

A COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE HAS TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES AND AT LEAST ONE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE.

I was sitting in the back of the hall, so I did not hear what Dan said about today’s meeting.

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