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Instructor's Manual for

Models for Writers

Short Essays for Composition

eleventh Edition

Alfred Rosa Paul Eschholz

Prepared by

Sarah Federman

Bedford / St. Martin's

Boston New York

Copyright ? 2012, 2010 (published March 2009), 2007, 2004 by Bedford/ St. Martin's

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

6 5 4 3 2 f e dc ba

For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin's, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000)

ISBN: 978-0-312-55218-3

Preface

The purpose of this Instructor's Manual is to help you use Models for Writers with the greatest effectiveness. We therefore provide an analysis and key discussion points for each selection in the book. In these sections of the manual, labeled Essay Analysis and Discussion, we share our experiences in teaching the essays: what to stress, what to explain, what to ask about, and what to expect in general from discussions. A typical analysis might do one or more of the following:

?Explore one or more content issues ? Point out stylistic features ? Suggest classroom activities that reinforce rhetorical strategies ? Suggest one or more other essays in the text that might be usefully

taught in conjunction with the present one ?Explain where students are likely to have difficulty understanding either

content or rhetorical techniques

In addition, in the section Questions for Study and Discussion we provide suggested responses to the questions following each selection in Models for Writers. Our intent is to save you time, not dictate answers. On occasion, you may disagree with our interpretation or emphasis, but we trust that the suggested responses will at least be useful as starting points. Your own experience with each essay will be invaluable, as will common sense about what will challenge and engage your students. Also included in this manual are suggested answers for the Thinking Critically about This Reading exercises and detailed dis- cussions of what you might expect from each of the Classroom Activities.

The essays in Models for Writers are grouped into 21 chapters, each devoted to a separate rhetorical topic. Chapters 3 through 10 focus on specific elements of essays: thesis, unity, organization, beginnings and endings, paragraphs, transitions, effective sentences, and writing with sources. Chapters 11 and 12 concern some uses and effects of language: diction and tone, and figurative language. Finally, Chapters 13 through 21 explore types of essays: illustration, narration, description, process analysis, definition, division and classification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and argument.

The arrangement of the chapters suggests a logical teaching sequence, beginning with the elements of an essay, proceeding through the language of an essay, and then covering the types of essays. An alternative teaching strategy is to structure your course according to the types of essays, teaching other chapters as necessary or having students use them for reference. Finally, because each chapter is self-contained, you can design your own teaching sequence, omitting or emphasizing particular chapters according to the special needs of your class.

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To help you use Models for Writers effectively, we would like to call your attention to the following special features.

Introductory Section on Reading and Writing Well. In Chapter 1, "The Writing Process," students learn useful questions to ask themselves as they undertake the writing process. By showing a student's essay in progress, beginning with developing an idea for an essay and ending in a final draft, the chapter allows students to see the writing process step by step.

In Chapter 2, "From Reading to Writing," students learn how to become active readers. Annotated examples help students understand the best ways to prepare themselves to read a selection, read a selection for the first time, reread the selection, annotate the text with marginal notes, and analyze the text by asking questions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how one uses reading in the writing process. Here we include four annotated student essays to illustrate four types of essays--narrative, response, reflective, and analytical-- that students typically write in college. In addition, the sample papers give students a good idea of the length and quality of writing they should be striving to produce. We therefore suggest that you assign the first two chapters early in the course and that you spend as much time as possible discussing the four student papers and their salient features.

Chapter Introductions. Before reading the essays in a particular chapter, students should read that chapter's introduction. There they will find an explanation of the rhetorical principle under consideration and a discussion of how it can be used. The information in the introductions will also help students answer the questions and complete the writing assignments that accompany each selection.

Reflecting on What You Know. Preceding each reading are prereading activities that prompt students to explore their own ideas and experiences regarding the issues presented in the reading.

Critical Thinking Questions.Each selection is followed by a prompt that encourages students to think critically about their reading by exploring--in discussion or in writing--the author's meaning and assumptions as well as the broader implications of the selection.

Questions for Study and Discussion.The study questions for each selection focus on its content, its author's purpose, and the rhetorical principle used to achieve that purpose. Some questions require brief answers; others are intended to stimulate class discussion. Because students' knowledge of rhetorical techniques and patterns will increase as the course proceeds, we have included for each essay one or more questions about rhetorical elements other than the one highlighted in the particular essay.

Classroom Activities.These brief exercises (requiring fifteen to twenty minutes in most cases) enable students to work with each rhetorical element, technique, or pattern while in the classroom, often in groups. The activities included here will help students develop thesis statements, organize sentences within paragraphs, use strong action verbs, work with connotation and denota-

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tion, use figurative language, use examples to document a generalization, use facts effectively, work with outlines for comparison and contrast, test causeand-effect relationships, classify on the basis of distinctive characteristics, and build argumentative evidence. Frequently, these activities require students to engage in critical thinking and problem solving. We have used all these activities in our own writing classes, and our students have found them helpful.

Suggested Writing Assignments. At least two writing assignments accompany each essay in the textbook. They offer students the opportunity to apply the rhetorical principle at hand. Often these assignments are also related to the content of the essays. If you prefer not to assign all the readings, most can be assigned independently.

Visual Writing Prompts. Five new advertisements in the argument chapter encourage students to analyze the visual texts they see every day.

Brief Guide to Writing a Research Paper. A new Chapter 22 on writing a research paper covers such essential topics as establishing a realistic schedule; finding, evaluating, and synthesizing print and online sources; taking notes; and developing a working bibliography. Also provided are models for using the most current Modern Language Association documentation style, including in-text citations and lists of works cited, and a new annotated student research paper.

Glossary of Useful Terms.The glossary, located at the end of the book, provides students with concise definitions of terms useful for discussing the readings and their own writing. Wherever we have believed that information in the glossary might assist students in answering a study question, we have placed a cross reference to the appropriate glossary entry next to the question.

Thematic Contents. If a particular essay evokes strong student response, this alternative table of contents makes it easier for you to choose thematically related pieces in other sections of Models for Writers. Nearly all the readings are entered under at least one subject heading, and many appear under two or three. Admittedly, some of these classifications may seem a bit arbitrary, but we believe that none are misfits. Beyond calling attention to the content of individual essays, this listing also allows you to point out different rhetorical approaches to common themes.

Online Reading Quizzes.The Models for Writers Companion Web site (models) features an online reading quiz for each selection.

We are very much interested in hearing from anyone who has constructive ideas about the content or use of either Models for Writers or this manual. We can be reached at the Department of English, 400 Old Mill, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.

Alfred Rosa Paul Eschholz Sarah Federman

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Contents

p a r t t w o The Elements of the Essay

chapter 3 Thesis 1

Helen Keller, The Most Important Day 1 Natalie Goldberg, Be Specific 2 James Lincoln Collier, Anxiety: Challenge by Another Name 4

chapter 4 Unity 5

Thomas L. Friedman, My Favorite Teacher 5 Sandra Cisneros, My Name 7 Gloria Naylor, The Meanings of a Word 9

Chapter 5 Organization 11

Cherokee Paul McDonald, A View from the Bridge 11 Audrey Schulman, Fahrenheit 59: What a Child's Fever Might Tell Us about

Climate Change 12 Sean Prentiss, Buying a House 14

Chapter 6 Beginnings and Endings 17

Michael T. Kaufman, Of My Friend Hector and My Achilles Heel 17

Richard Lederer, The Case for Short Words 18

Carl T. Rowan, Unforgettable Miss Bessie

20

Chapter 7 Paragraphs 23

William Zinsser, Simplicity 23 Mike Rose, "I Just Wanna Be Average" 25 Tobias Wolff, The Last Shot 27

Chapter 8 Transitions 29

David Raymond, On Being 17, Bright, and Unable to Read 29 Russell Baker, Becoming a Writer 31 Nancy Gibbs, The Magic of the Family Meal 33

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Chapter 9 Effective Sentences 36 Alice Walker, Childhood 36 Langston Hughes, Salvation 38 Judith Ortiz Cofer, Volar 40

Chapter 10 Writing withSources 41 Sharon Begley, Praise the Humble Dung Beetle 41 Jake Jamieson, The English-Only Movement: Can America Proscribe

Language with a Clear Conscience? 44 Terry Tempest Williams, The Clan of One-Breasted Women 47

p a r t t h r e e The Language of the Essay

Chapter 11 Diction and Tone 50 Dick Gregory, Shame 50 David Sedaris, Me Talk Pretty One Day 52 Tina McElroy Ansa, The Center of the Universe 54 Brian Doyle, Irreconcilable Dissonance 55

Chapter 12 Figurative Language 57 Robert Ramirez, The Barrio 57 Anne Lamott, Polaroids 59 Benjamin Percy, Invasion 61

p a r t f o u r Types of Essays

Chapter 13 Illustration 64 Barbara Huttmann, A Crime of Compassion 64 Gregory Pence, Let's Think Outside the Box of Bad Clich?s 66 Verlyn Klinkenborg, Our Vanishing Night 68 Steven Pinker, In Defense of Dangerous Ideas 70

Chapter 14 Narration 72 Henry Louis Gates Jr., What's in a Name? 72 Erin Murphy, White Lies 73 Maya Angelou, Momma, the Dentist, and Me 75 Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour 77

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