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Group Five Evaluation Set Two

Prepared by:

Margaret Engelter

Jill Flanigan

Laura Hartwig

Nicholas Ives

Carolyn Stepnitz

Southern Connecticut State University

Prepared for:

Dr. Elsie A. Okobi

ILS 504-S70 Reference Materials and Services

October 15, 2007

Abstract

Group Five of the Reference and Information Resources/Services class worked in partnership to evaluate 18 index and abstract resources. Members divided the resources among themselves to independently locate and evaluate the resources. The independent works were combined into the group project on the class Wiki website. Members updated each other on their progress through email while keeping the Wiki updated. A template, created for the Wiki, included the following evaluation criteria: citation, format, scope, authority, accuracy, arrangement, special features, users, cost, uniqueness, and full text coverage. Class textbooks and other class readings were used as references to determine and define these criteria.

The group discovered that many of these sources are available in both print and electronic versions with significant variation in search capabilities and special features between the two versions. All of the sources were found to have merit; selection depends entirely on the need to be addressed.

The indexes and abstracts evaluated include: (1) Article First; (2) Book Review Digest; (3) Book Review Index; (4) Children's Magazine Guide; (5) Columbia Granger's Index to Poetry in Anthologies; (6) Dissertation Abstracts Online; (7) Essay and General Literature Index; (8) General Science Index; (9) Global News Bank; (10) Humanities Index; (11) New York Times Index; (12) News Bank News File Collection; (13) PAIS International in Print; (14) Play Index; (15) Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature; (16) Short Story Index; (17) Social Sciences Citation Index; and (18) Social Sciences Index.

The following is the result of Group Five’s evaluations.

1: Article First – Margaret

Citation: ArticleFirst. (1990-). Dublin, OH: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.

Format: Online () in FirstSearch through CONSULS database.

Scope: Subjects include business, humanities, medicine, popular culture, science, social studies, and technology. Indexes over 19.6 million articles listed on the table of contents pages of over 16,000 journals. Each record describes one article, news story, letter or other item. 1990 to present. Updated daily.

Authority: Published by OCLC Online Computer Literacy Center. Certain records, with the BL Shelfmark or the BL Stock Location fields, are copyright of the British Library Board.

Accuracy: Each database gives OCLC updates to be added to ArticleFirst.

Arrangement: In the list of records, each listing includes title, author, source, libraries worldwide, and, if available locally, links to the source. In the detailed record, each listing may include availability, option to cite the item, author, title, source, standard number, OCLC number, DOI, language, and database.

Special Features: If the organization subscribes to the journal or database where the item is located, the link will be provided both at the list of records and the detailed record screens.

Users: Academic libraries and reference librarians.

Cost: Subscription based. Annual subscriptions in different packages are available or the per-search purchased in blocks of 500 searches.

Uniqueness: Excellent for verification purposes.

Full text coverage: Full text coverage may be available for more recent articles. ArticleFirst provides a list of libraries that have the journal title for most items.

2: Book Review Digest - Margaret

Citation: Book Review Digest. (1905-). New York: H.W. Wilson.

Format: Print, CD-ROM, and Online as Book Review Digest Plus ( and available through FirstSearch in CONSULS database).

Scope: Includes citations to reviews of juvenile and adult fiction and non-fiction in the English language published or distributed in the United States and Canada, and published in Great Britain. Some coverage of academic or scholarly books is included. Excludes government publications, textbooks and technical books in the sciences and law. Cumulative index available for 1905-1974. Monthly except February and July with annual cumulations. Online coverage is from 1983 to present with daily (weekly through FirstSearch) updates.

Authority: Published by H.W. Wilson for over 100 years.

Accuracy: Editorial staff members with library science degrees build the Wilson references.

Arrangement: Alphabetical order by author or title with subject (based on Library of Congress Subject Headings) and title indexes included. Includes citation with some bibliographic information, summary with content and age or grade level for juvenile books, and review citation. May include excerpt of the review. Online includes over 115,000 full text reviews on over 660,000 books

Special Features: Online searches by author or title, multiple links to reviews from various sources. Online links to library holdings

Users: Reader's advisory, collection development, literary and biographical research.

Cost: Annual print cumulations $455 (1905 through 1995). Book Review Digest Author/Title Index in Print for 1975 through 1984 is $110 and for 1985 through 1994 is $140. Online Book Review Digest Plus or Book Review Digest Retrospective: 1905-1982 is available by subscription.

Uniqueness: A good starting place to find reviews of popular books and older books. Print version only includes reviews that have appeared within 18 months of the book's publication. Online version is either retrospective 1905 through 1982, or current from 1983 to present, or both, depending on subscription.

Full text coverage: Print includes citations and review excerpts. Online provides many full text reviews and substantial review excerpts.

3: Book Review Index – Margaret

Citation: Book Review Index. (1965-) Detroit: Gale.

Format: Print (3 per year or annual) and Online (Book Review Index Online and Book Review Index Online Plus).

Scope: Includes citations to reviews of books, periodicals, and books-on-tape from over 600 publications of the United States, Canada, Australia, and Europe. Subjects include reviews from popular, academic, and professional publications in the social sciences, humanities, sciences, business, fine arts, and general interest. Each publication must be 50 pages long to be included (except poetry and children's books). Cumulative index for 1965-1984 with annual cumulations after 1984. Five year cumulations may also be available. Book Review Index Online indexes review from 1965 to the present. Book Review Index Online Plus adds reviews.

Authority: Published by Gale.

Accuracy: Gale contracts with book reviewers to provide electronic versions of book reviews.

Arrangement: Print is alphabetical by author or title with a title index included.

Special Features: Online search options include author, date, illustrator, audiobook reader, review length, reading level, review source, review type, reviewer, title, title of review, and refereed publications.

Users: Academic libraries, Public libraries, general public.

Cost: Subscription available online. Book Review Index print – each edition (2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008) is available for $395. Sample prices available from Amazon: CD-ROM version (April 1994) is $999.99; Book Review Index 1996 Cumulation Hardcover (March 1997) – 7 available ($25.88 to $820.27); Book Review Index Master Cumulation 98-02 (December 2002) is $1,570; Book Review Index Subscription Paperback (November 2002) is $435.50.

Uniqueness: Comprehensive. A good starting place when looking for book reviews. Online version is searchable by title, author, or journal; multiple options in the advanced search include limiters.

Full text coverage: Print and Book Review Index Online do not include reviews. Book Review Index Online Plus includes reviews.

4: Children's Magazine Guide – Margaret

Citation: Children's Magazine Guide: A Subject Index to Children's Magazines and Web sites. (1948-). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

Format: Print and Online ( and ).

Scope: Subject index to popular children's magazines (more than 65) and web sites. Excluded are special interest magazines, regional magazines, promotional magazines, and adult magazines unless they are appropriate for student research and readability (e.g., National Geographic is included). Also includes an index of professional journals – school library edition with articles from six school library magazines. Monthly August through March, bimonthly for April/May issue; the August issues is an annual cumulation.

Authority: Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, Children's Magazine Guide is an imprint of Libraries Unlimited.

Accuracy: Several criteria are considered prior to inclusion, including useful for reference, accuracy, child appeal, written at a level appropriate for their audience, and demand. Children's Magazine Guide staff carefully selects and recommends websites.

Arrangement: Each issue includes extensive alphabetical subject index, magazine information including brief descriptions and age levels. Entries include magazine article title, author, magazine, month of publication, and page number. Entries may include annotations, cross-references, and related web sites.

Special Features: Wide range of subjects, biographies, news, poetry, science experiments, arts and crafts, reviews, maps, and more. Online version offers typical search options as well as browsing by subject, website, and current issue. The online version also provides the ability to limit searching to magazines in the collection.

Users: Elementary and Middle School students, instructors, parents, and librarians.

Cost: Print is $69.95 per year or $120 for 2 years. Online is free with print subscription. Cumulative back issues are available for $69.95. Single issues for non-classroom use are $10.

Uniqueness: Promotes information literacy through the magazines and web sites recommended. Helps teachers and parents find curriculum-oriented materials.

Full text coverage: Print and Online versions do not include reviews.

5: Columbia Granger's Index to Poetry in Anthologies – Jill

Citation: Kale, T., & Granger, E. (2007). The Columbia Granger's Index to Poetry in Anthologies. New York: Columbia University Press.

Format: Print and electronic versions are available.

Scope: The 13th Edition contains references to poetry published in anthologies through May 31, 2006.

Authority: Published by Columbia University Press.

Accuracy: The work is reviewed by a panel of consultants who are university professors, writers, and poets.

Arrangement: The print version of the index contains three indexes, arranged alphabetically. The first contains title, first line, and last line. The second index contains authors. The third index lists subjects. The online version is also searchable by those keys.

Special Features: The online version of this reference also contains the content of The Classic Hundred Poems, The Top 500 Poems, The Columbia Granger's® Index to Poetry in Anthologies, editions 8–13, The Columbia Granger's® Index to Poetry in Collected and Selected Works, editions 1-2, The Columbia Granger's® Index to African-American Poetry.

Users: Librarians, teachers, students, and poets would find the reference useful.

Cost: The print version is available for $335.50.

Uniqueness: This reference has been published since 1904. It offers comprehensive coverage of its topic and is easily searchable.

Full text coverage: The online version of the index contains annotated anthologies of frequently references poems.

6: Dissertation Abstracts Online – Jill

Citation: Dissertation Abstracts Online, Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest Information and Learning.

Format: Online access to an electronic database.

Scope: Contains an index to dissertations and theses from the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and other European Countries from 1861 to the present.

Authority: Published by ProQuest Information and Learning of Ann Arbor, MI.

Accuracy: Coverage is selective and abstracts are submitted by the authors.

Arrangement: Multiple search options exist including searching by title, author, institution, keyword and more.

Special Features: Copies of dissertations may be purchased through ProQuest Information and Learning.

Users: Users would be researchers and students.

Cost: Obtaining a quote for access to this database requires contacting a sales representative.

Uniqueness: Contains full text access the master’s thesis and dissertations as well as access to ordering copies of the work represented in the database, but coverage is selective.

Full text coverage: Contains citation, abstract, and full text PDFs.

7: Essay and General Literature Index – Jill

Citation: H.W. Wilson Company. Essay and General Literature Index. New York: H.W. Wilson.

Format: Print and electronic versions are available.

Scope: Covers humanities and social science literature with citation for essays and articles published in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain.

Authority: Published by H.W. Wilson Company.

Accuracy: Daily updates; index compiled by professionals.

Arrangement: Searchable electronic database; search may be conducted by keyword, subject, title, author, date of publication.

Special Features: Up-to–date subject headings, retrospective coverage to 1985, and the ability to search by the names of fictional characters.

Users: Librarians, teachers, and students would find this reference useful.

Cost: The print version is priced at $325.00.

Uniqueness: Good coverage for the humanities and social sciences; extensive and easily searchable electronic database.

Full text coverage: This is a bibliographic reference only and does not contain full text.

8: General Science Index – Jill

Citation: H.W. Wilson Company. General science index. New York: H.W. Wilson.

Format: Print and electronic versions are available.

Scope: Covers material of at least one column length published in popular science magazines and professional journals from1984 to the present in physical science and engineering.

Authority: Published by H.W. Wilson Company.

Accuracy: The online database receives daily updates and the index is compiled by professionals at the H.W. Wilson Company.

Arrangement: The index may be searched by keyword, subject, personal names, title words, publication, year, and type of article.

Special Features: This index contains plain language subject headings. There are links to websites for related information.

Users: May be used by the non-specialist or student. Subject headings are intended for use by a non-expert. This is a good reference for high school students or undergraduates.

Cost: Retrospective print volumes are available at a cost of $725.00 each. Pricing for online services is based on the library’s total book budget.

Uniqueness: Covers engineering and physical science and includes the Science Section of The New York Times.

Full text coverage: The print version is a bibliographic index with citations only and does not contain full text. Full text references are available in the online version.

9: Global News Bank – Laura

Citation: Global NewsBank. NewsBank, Inc. (Naples, FL.)

Format: Online database

Scope: Through partnerships, NewsBank provides libraries with web-based access to more than 2,000 full text newspapers, newswire, transcripts, business journals, periodicals, and government documents.

Authority: Online publication by NewsBank Incorporate. One of the world's largest information providers for over 35 years.

Accuracy: The site is updated daily.

Arrangement: Has an easy to use and intuitive interface with basic and advanced search options. Results can be sorted by date, relevancy, and easy to advanced reading levels.

Special Features: Can sign up for an e-newsletter.

Users: Appropriate for publishers, public libraries, colleges and universities, schools, government and military libraries, genealogists, professionals and researchers.

Cost: Must contact company.

Full text coverage: Full text coverage of newspapers and periodicals

10: Humanities Index – Laura

Citation: Humanities Index. (2006, September). H.W. Wilson Company. Bronx, NY. Vol. 33(2).

Format: Print

Scope: A cumulative index of over 450 English language periodicals. It is published monthly in March, June, September, and December, and with a bound annual edition.

Authority: Published by H. W. Wilson Company.

Accuracy: A committee reviews and collects recommendations for inclusion. The committee has a strong influence, but does not determine what is included in the publication. They base the evaluation on these qualities: permanent reference value, usefulness, scholarship and international scope.

Arrangement: It is an author and subject index arranged in one alphabet. (No titles.) Subject headings beginning with a numeral precede entries beginning with A. Subdivisions of subjects are grouped numerically. Author entries are under surname of Author, never under a reviewers name. Subject entries are derived from the literature, reference works, other Wilson indexes, and the Library of Congress. There are 12 subjects categorizing critical reviews and creative literature.

Special Features: An extensive cross-reference is provided. A book review citation is listed separately at the end of main body.

Users: Academic, public, and special libraries.

Cost: The source has a minimum cost of $570.00, but lased on a subscribers periodical holdings.

Full text coverage: No full text coverage, the source lists where to find the full text article.

11: New York Times Index – Laura

Citation: New York Times Index. 2000. V.8. New York, NY. The New York Times Company.

Format: Print

Scope: Published semi-monthly with quarterly cumulations. Designed to provide simple access to the contents of the NY Times newspaper. Can be used for chronological overview or to locate full articles.

Authority: Published by The New York Times Co. The Assistant Director and Editor is Harvey L. Holmes Jr. Coverage since 1851.

Accuracy: The accuracy of the news articles are validated only by the prestige of being printed in the New York Times, but always must take into fact that the media does not always write/report complete facts.

Arrangement: Headings, usually subject with applicable geographic names cross referenced to those subjects. The entries are arranged alphabetically, and then chronologically. Each reference includes: date, section, page, and column.

Special Features: Cross reference used to guide the user from one heading to another where relevant entries can be found.

Users: Used to locate past articles.

Cost: $500.00, costly for a public library when the location of articles may be access on an other source, via online database for NYTimes.

Uniqueness: This index can be used to locate dates of events.

Full text coverage: This source does not include full text articles but locates the issue and date for researcher. It does include some abstracts of articles.

12: News Bank News File Collection - Laura

Citation: NewsBank NewsFile Collection. NewsBank,Inc. Accessed through Arizona State University.

Format: Online database and CDROM, print equivalent is the NewsBank Index.

Scope: Since 1991, it provides full text access to over 500 articles, newspapers, wire services, and broadcast news, in US and Canada,

Authority: NewsBank, Inc.

Accuracy: Updated daily

Arrangement: Interface is not as intuitive as the Global NewsBank and the interface is crowded and confusing.

Special Features: Subjects covered include: Business; Electronic Newspapers; General Indexes (All Subjects); Multidisciplinary Databases (All Subjects); News and Newspaper Articles; Theatrical Reviews

Users: Useful for students, professors, business professionals, and researchers.

Cost: Must contact company.

Uniqueness: All resources are owned by independent providers, so one must follow their copyright terms. May have special access from university or business.

Full text coverage: Includes full text coverage.

13: PAIS International in Print – Nick

Citation: PAIS International. CSA Illumina, Bethesda, MD. Accessed through Arizona State University, asu.edu/lib.

Format: The Public Affairs Information indexes articles of a current events nature by subject matter, author

Scope: There is access to almost 1.4 million different records from around the globe. Virtually any topic of a debatable nature is collected here. Furthermore, its historical reach is deep, with some records in existence as far back as 1915.

Authority: PAIS International collects its articles from well-respected journals, and for inclusion the articles have to be peer reviewed to be accepted into the database.

Accuracy: PAIS International precisely provides data when Boolean search terms are used to help hone the search. There is a vast amount of data, and the recall is enormous. The use of field codes to improve searching is also an excellent way to reduce the gigantic recall that this source provides.

Arrangement: After searching for a term using keywords or more advanced Boolean operators, the website displays results using tabs – there is one for all types, scholarly articles, journals, etc. This allows the reader to easily wade through the large amount of information available for the search terms.

Special Features: PAIS offers a quick cite feature that allows a user to easily prepare a citation for the displayed article. There is also a scholar profile section that allows access to the

Users: Reference librarians of course would be a good choice for this database, but scholars of the social sciences especially would benefit from this database. The issues range greatly, but are all concerned with some aspect of social debate.

Uniqueness: PAIS provides a service that allows researchers to connect to other debatable social issues. There are other providers which do do this, but not with the search tools provided by PAIS to cross reference information.

Full text coverage: Full text coverage may be accessed often just through a web link that is provided by the database. Articles may be purchased in print form from the New York Public Library for a fee.

14: Play Index - Nick

Citation: Yaakov, J (Ed.) Play Index. New York: H.W. Wilson., 1998.

Format: The Play Index is set up in a multi columnar format that allows for bibliographic information to be displayed in reference to subject materials.

Scope: The printed play index references over 4,000 different plays from 1998 to the present. The online resource goes much further back to 1946.

Authority: The Play Index has been a living, growing book/online resource for over 50 years, and in that time has gained respect as an authoritative source for locating plays since 1946.

Accuracy: Ideally, the plays within are correctly labeled and fact-checked by the editors of the resource.

Arrangement: The main feature of the resource is the author referenced section of the book. After the breakdown by author, each title is then the next subheading for organizational purposes.

Special Features: There is an index that outlines the plays by not only cast requirements, but also stagecraft needs as well. This would be useful when working with restricted resources.

Users: This would of course be useful to a reference librarian, but would be of immense assistance to anyone interested or directly associated with the dramatic arts.

Cost: $225.00

Uniqueness: The manufacturer claims that there is no other resource like this and they may be correct. I have not been able to find any product on the market comparable to this book and website duo.

Full text coverage: The online edition does provide access to a large number of full-text plays, the print edition does not.

15: Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature – Nick

Citation: Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature. New York: H.W. Wilson, 2006.

Format: The layout of the readers guide is in a two-column page spread.

Scope: Each Readers Guide is a reference of magazines printed in a specific time period in the printed form. The online version of this resource covers a vast time period and has full-text articles dating back to 1994.

Authority: H.W. Wilson is a well-respected provider of database products, and the Reader’s Guide has a long history of indexing magazines to help readers find the resources that they are looking for. The print edition has been produced as long ago as the 19th century.

Accuracy: The Reader’s guide is edited by a few different editors, leading to many eyes reviewing the information that is provided to them by the magazine industry.

Arrangement: The general arrangement of the information is through using magazine names and indexing them into subject headings for easy information location.

Special Features: Whereas the printed version requires a careful and patient eye, the online edition has powerful search techniques to help users locate data easily.

Users: This guide would be extremely helpful to researchers of topics before the public consciousness, or even historians searching for information about the past as presented by magazine publishers.

Cost: Various, but most copies in print can be found for less than $100 dollars.

Uniqueness: This resource is invaluable as an index to the world of periodicals, and is at the top of its class as such resource. The depth of access is immense online, and allows for very broad searches.

Full text coverage: The online edition provides full-text downloading through .pdf file usage for most periodicals dating back to 1994.

16: Short Story Index – Carolyn

Citation: Short Story Index. (1900-). New York: H.W. Wilson.

Format: Print and digital.

Scope: Print includes basic volume from 1900-1949 and then annual publications are also published cumulatively every five years. Online database begins with 1984 records. Both formats index short stories in collections, anthologies and periodicals, the online database indexes a larger number of collections. Records are updated daily, with over 4,000 new records added annually.

Authority: Published by H.W. Wilson, long time publisher of reference and bibliographic sources.

Accuracy: Subject headings cover theme, locale, narrative devices and genre. There are links to other works by author, information on library holdings, and guides for how to use.

Arrangement: In print form author, title and subject are listed in one alphabetical listing. There is a directory of publishers and distributors in the cumulative edition. Print also includes directions for using the index. The online database can be searched by the author, title and subject fields in Basic or Advanced searches.

Special Features: Database includes full text versions of some of the indexed short stories.

Users: Teachers, for genre examples, students for research and general readers for guidance on other works by favorite authors.

Cost: Print version cost is $250. for a one year subscription or for retrospective volumes. Online subscription cost varies, contact H.W. Wilson salesmen for more information.

Uniqueness: A premier source for bibliographic information on the short story, as well as a monitor for the popularity of short stories.

Full text coverage: Full text coverage of some indexed short stories is available online.

17: Social Sciences Citation Index - Carolyn

Citation: Social Sciences Citation Index. (1956-). Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information.

Format: Digital; available through Thomson Scientific Products on the Internet through Web of Science database; in CD-ROM format; and online through other databases.

Scope: Web of Science records begin in 1956 and are now updated weekly, with an average of 2,900 new records each week. Literature indexed reflects multiple disciplines. More than 1,725 journals are indexed, from multiple social science disciplines including anthropology, information and library science, law, sociology, urban studies and political science.

Authority: This index was accessed on the Web of Science database, which comes under the umbrella of the Web of Knowledge, produced by the Institute for Scientific Information; and the databases are made available through Thomson Scientific Products.

Accuracy: Records will include up to three authors, using "et al" for additional authors. Records also include full title, with brackets if it is a translation. Source informatin includes title, volume, issue, page and publication date.

Arrangement: Up to 100,000 results can be retrieved, and they are displayed by most recent date. Users can re-sort results and adjust number of records appearing on each page.

Special Features: Several search features allow refining or searching within results. Allows for "cited reference" searching which lets user easily search for references cited in originally retrieved articles. Multidisciplinary content enriches search results.

Users: Focus is on scholarly users, college students, professors, and researchers.

Cost: Subscription based. Attempts to locate cost on vendor Thomson Scientific's website led to "contact us for more information" pages.

Uniqueness: Thomson Scientific states that the "cited reference searching" is "the unique ISI search and retrieval feature".

Full text coverage: Results include abstracts. Accessing the database through CONSULS includes a link to search for full text article at CONSULS.

*: The Social Sciences Citation Index includes an * on the list, requiring information on the name of the product in which it was found. The index was located through CONSULS catalog, with a link to the Web of Science database, which included a link to the Web of Knowledge site, which included a link to the vendor, Thomson Scientific.

18: Social Sciences Index - Carolyn

Citation: Social Sciences Index. (1974-). New York: H.W. Wilson.

Format: Print and digital through WilsonWeb database or disk.

Scope: Online records begin in 1983; print retrospectives begin in 1974. Online records are updated daily, monthly updates are available for disk. There is also a digital retrospective index for 1907-1983. The records include all English language articles of one column or larger published in the over 600 journals that are indexed.

Authority: H.W. Wilson has over 100 years experience in providing reference resources. Over 150 editors have an MLS or an MLIS, and several are multi-lingual.

Accuracy: Many of the journals indexed are peer-reviewed journals. Online searching provides cross references and related records.

Arrangement: Online records can be searched by several fields, including author, title, subject, publication year, document type, etc. Default settings can be modified and results can be sorted by different methods.

Special Features: Records in PDF form retain illustrations and images.

Users: Professionals working in the fields marketed to by the peer reviewed journals; researchers.

Cost: Queries into subscription cost for digital go directly to salesmen for H.W. Wilson. The cost for the print version is made on an individual basis, taking into account a three year average book budget and how much of the print service the customer wishes to purchase.

Uniqueness: Records link to OPAC; H.W. Wilson maintains 64 databases; bibliographic records from the turn of the century are becoming accessible electronically through the retrospective electronic database.

Full text coverage: There is a separate full text index available.

Social Sciences Index had an * on the list, indicating the need to list the name of the product in which the item can be found. Social Sciences Index is available on WilsonWeb, which CONSULS provides a link to with the note that access requires an institutional membership. I linked from CONSULS to the login page but it would not accept my user ID and password.

Reference List

Bopp, R.E. & Smith, L.C. (Eds.). (2001). Reference and information services: An introduction (3rd ed.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

Cassell, K.A., & Hiremath, U. (2006). Reference and information services in the 21st century: An introduction. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.

Katz, W.A. (2002). Introduction to reference services: Basic information services (Vol. I). (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

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