Sterling Heights High School Psychology Program - Home



Mrs. Ramponi’s Ultimate Prep Packet AP Psychology How to use this packet:Take ownership of your own review. I can’t do it for you. Your classmates can’t do it for you. YOU are the only one who can do it for YOU.Use the time given to you in class WISELY. Your friends will always be there. Time to study for the AP Exam will not. Post-exam, you can chat all you want in class! Start early. Doing the whole packet in one night will not be beneficial.Challenge yourself to actually WRITE DOWN THE ANSWERS. Simply saying “I know that” is a poor test of your own knowledge. METACOGNITION, people!Concentrate on what you do not know. Study the hard stuff. The internet is full of information - if you don’t know something OF COURSE you should Google it. Remember the % breakdowns (on the next page) for each unit of study. If a unit of study only has 2-4% of the test questions - don’t spend too much time reviewing there. Google Drive link to packet NOTE: In April of 2020,the exam format and structure was altered as a result of the COVID19 pandemic. I have tried to account for the changed in this version, but I may have missed som. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY and CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY will not be tested. There will be two FRQS, one “normal” 8 point FRQ that is thematic and one 6 point FRQ on Research Methods. The FRQ time limits will be 25 minutes for the first 8 point FRQ and 15 for the second 15 point FRQ.College Board AP Psychology Curriculum*The College Board wants AP Psychology students to have some basic skills. They identify these skills as:Skill Category 1Concept Understanding Define, explain, and apply concepts, behavior, theories, and perspectives.Skill Category 2Data Analysis Analyze and interpret quantitative data.Skill Category 3 Scientific InvestigationAnalyze psychological research studies.Units of Study in AP Psychology Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology 10–14% Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior 8–10% Unit 3: Sensation and Perception 6–8% Unit 4: Learning 7–9% Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology 13–17% Unit 6: Developmental Psychology 7–9% Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality 11–15% *Unit 8: Clinical Psychology 12–16% (removed from the 2020 test due to the COVID19 shut down) *Unit 9: Social Psychology 8–10% (removed from the 2020 test due to the COVID19 shut down) *Revised and published in the summer of 2019 for use with the 2020 AP Psychology Exam Day 1 Review: Research Methods Review the following types of research methods. 2. What is meant by saying something is a positive correlation? Negative correlation? No correlation?Draw a scatter plot featuring a positive, a negative, and no correlation. What does a -1 and/or +1 correlation coefficient mean? 3. When talking about survey or questionnaire research, what do the terms population, sample, representative sample, random sample, and stratified sample mean? 4. Mrs. Ramponi wants to find out whether people with dogs are happier than those without. Relate the following terms from this unit:Operational DefinitionsRandom AssignmentControl GroupExperimental GroupIndependent VariableDependent Variable Confounding/Lurking VariablesBlind/Double Blind Study 5. Statistics and data are important to understand for the AP Exam. Review what the following mean in relation to IQ scores. Measures of Central Tendency68-95-99 Rule Standard Deviation Statistical Significancep Value (<.05)6. When psychologists do research, they must follow some ethical principles. These include an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Informed Consent, Confidentiality, a “Do No Harm Clause”, Debriefing, and No Deception or Coercion. What does each mean? Can you think of a famous study in Psychology that DID NOT FOLLOW THESE ETHICAL GUIDELINES? Day 2: Famous Psychology PeopleReviewing famous psychologists and their contributions to the field. Can you give KEY DETAILS and terms for each famous psychologist? *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam Top Tier Psychologists Philip ZimbardoWilliam James Phineas Gage Solomon AschBF Skinner Wilhelm Wundt Mary AinsworthDiana BaumrindHarry HarlowErik Erikson Sigmund FreudJean PiagetLawrence KohlbergSigmund Freud Ivan PavlovEdward Thorndike Albert Bandura Costa and McCraeStanley MilgramCarl JungCarl Rogers Alfred Binet Hans Selye Gordon AllportErnst WeberRobert SternbergTier 2 Psychologists Gustav Fechner Elizabeth Loftus Hermann EbbinghausMartin SeligmanWolfgang Kohler John GarciaEdward Titchener John LockeMary W. CalkinsDorothea DixKonrad LorenzMax Wertheimer Ernst Hilgard Edward TolmanJulian RotterHippocrates Ray CattellDarley and Latane Alfred Adler Karen HorneyAnna FreudAaron Beck Albert Ellis Hans and Sybil EysenckHoward GardnerBenjamin WhorfNoam ChomskyDavid Wechsler Mary Cover Jones Joseph WolpePaul Ekman Lev Vygotsky **Please note you’re much more likely to need to know this person’s contribution to psychology (an application question) rather than a simple identification question. But reviewing these people can not hurt your study and review of psychology. Day 3: People, Terms and Ideas that Show Up in Multiple Chapters of AP PsychologyI’m no expert, but generally, when a person or term shows up in a few chapters...it may be more likely to show up on the test. Here’s a list I compiled (with some help from fellow AP Psychology teachers) of terms and people who are sweet repeats. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam Make sure you understand what these terms mean and how the people are connected to psychology. Learned Helplessness: personality, abnormal psychology, motivation, learningIntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: personality, motivation, learning, personality B.F. Skinner: language, learning, therapy, Ivan Pavlov/Classical conditioning: learning, therapy (counterconditioning)Albert Bandura: personality, learning, Sigmund Freud: personality, history and perspectives, development, memory, abnormal, therapy, states of consciousnessFixation - in problem solving (cognition) v. in psychoanalytic theory (personality)Abraham Maslow (& his Hierarchy of Needs): personality, perspectives, motivation Hypothalamus (ventromedial/lateral): Neuropsychology, motivation, states of consciousnessLatent: states of consciousness, learning, therapy (Psychoanalysis) Assimilation: sensation (eye), development (Piaget)Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence: intelligence, development Temperament: personality, development, behavior-genetics Habituation: sensation, developmentSelective Attention/Cocktail Party Effect: memory, sensation, perceptionSerotonin: neuropsychology, motivation, abnormal, therapyNature-Nurture: development, biological bases, intelligence, personality, abnormal Placebo effect: research methods, treatmentNormal curve: research methods, intelligenceDissociation: states of consciousness, abnormal psychRefractory Period: Motivation (Sexual Response Cycle), neuroscience Anorexia/Bulimia: motivation, abnormal psychology Token Economy: therapy, learning Type A/Type B: personality, stress & health Soma/Somatic: biological psychology, abnormal psychology Projective Tests: Personality, Therapy, Intelligence and testing Self-serving bias: personality, social psychologyMirror Neurons: neuropsychology, learning, social psychology Amygdala: neuropsychology, motivation, social psychology Empathy: Social psychology, psychology, personality, therapyHermann Helmholtz - Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Color Theory (sensation), Pitch Theory (sensation) Cross-Sectional: research methods, development, intelligence Longitudinal Studies: research methods, development, intelligenceHeritability: intelligence, development, Nature vs. Nurture, abnormalDay 4: Neuroscience Recap 1. Label the following parts of the cerebral cortex (above) and REVIEW THEIR FUNCTION:Frontal LobeParietal LobeOccipital LobeTemporal Lobe Brain StemCerebellum 2. Add in the following parts and REVIEW THEIR FUNCTION: Wernicke’s AreaBroca’s AreaMotor CortexSomatosensory Cortex Visual CortexAuditory Cortex 3. How would the following play a role in you playing a game of CYO Basketball with your friends? HypothalamusThalamusMedullaPonsReticular Formation/Reticular Activating System (R.A.S.)Corpus Callosum 3. Draw a breakdown of the entire nervous system, using: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system. When you’re done, summarize what each one does. 4. Label the basic parts of the neuron and what each part does for the cell.5. Explain when each brain scan/study would be used:CAT ScanPET ScanMRI ScanfMRI ScanEEG ScanDay 5: Pictionary! Draw an example demonstrating your understanding of the following MONOCULAR CUES and GESTALT PRINCIPLES:InterpositionRelative HeightRelative ClarityMotion Parallax/Relative MotionConvergence/Linear PerspectiveTexture Gradient Light and Shadow ConnectednessContinuitySimilarity ClosureProximityFigure Ground Your eyes & CONVERGENCE Your eyes and RETINAL DISPARITY Day 6: Alike but Very Different *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam Broca's Area and Wernicke's AreaVery much alike because…Yet completely different because… Afferent Neuron & Efferent Neuron Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Conductive Deafness & Sensorineural Deafness Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Convergence & Retinal DisparityVery much alike because…Yet completely different because… Kinesthesis and Vestibular SenseVery much alike because…Yet completely different because…Hippocampus and Hypothalamus Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Thalamus and HypothalamusVery much alike because…Yet completely different because…Positive Correlation & Negative CorrelationVery much alike because…Yet completely different because…Hormone and NeurotransmitterVery much alike because…Yet completely different because…Random Sample & Representative SampleVery much alike because…Yet completely different because…Authoritative Parenting and Authoritarian ParentingVery much alike because…Yet completely different because…Biomedical Therapy & Cognitive Therapy Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Obedience and Conformity Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Representativeness Heuristic and Availability Heuristic Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Self-Serving Bias and Overconfidence Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Reliability and Validity Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Implicit Memory and Explicit MemoryVery much alike because…Yet completely different because…Drive-Reduction Theory and Yerkes Dodson Law Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Schachter-Singer 2 Factor and James-Lange TheoryVery much alike because…Yet completely different because…Projection and Displacement Very much alike because…Yet completely different because…Day 7: Learning ReviewDorothy, Elmo’s fish, has learned that when Elmo pounds on the glass of her fish bowl, she is going to be fed delicious flakes of fish food. UCS:UCR: CS: CR:2. You and your friends decide prom night needs to be AMAZING. Some of your friends rent a hotel room and get busted by Officer Wery (bad choice! Not advised!) and some of them attend post-prom at Super Bowl (advised! Good choice!) - relate the terms punishers, negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement and law of effect to your prom plans.3. Getting paid every two weeks Being compensated for each Track card you sellSeeing a Mockingjay when birdwatching Getting tips for each table you wait onReceiving five bucks for every bag of cans you collectWalking into Jimmy Johns and randomly receiving a free sub because it is your “Birthday Day” Getting a yearly “lump sum” for tuition when you earned a 3.0 or higher the year before Picking 10 crates of corn in a farmer’s field and getting $10 a crate 4. Summarize: Vicarious Learning Wolfgang Kohler Cognitive MapsSecondary ReinforcersBobo Doll/Bandura The Garcia Effect (Taste Aversion) The Premack Principle Latent LearningDay 7: Practice FRQ (with memory terms!)When you write an FRQ, remember SODAS! Space out your answer, follow the order of the prompt, define EVERYTHING (even if it doesn’t tell you to explicitly), apply everything back to the prompt, and use synonyms (YOU CAN NOT DEFINE THE TERM WITH THE TERM).Mike applies to and decides to go to the UW school of his choice to study art history and business. In order to bank as many credits as possible, he takes AP Psychology, AP Art History and AP Biology exams this spring in preparation for next fall. Relate the following:Prospective MemorySerial Position EffectProactive InterferenceEncoding FailureDeclarative MemoryLong Term PotentiationMnemonic DeviceAngela is participating in the spring talent show at Kimberly High School. She’s very excited to put on her Vaudeville song and dance routine, but she also has a poms performance tonight for the basketball game! How do the following relate?Recency EffectImplicit memoryEncoding failureCapacity of working memory Forgetting CurveElizabeth Loftus’ research on memory constructionRecallIconic memoryDay 8: Difficult Topics ExplainedDirections: These are often confused or difficult topics for people to understand or explain in the study of psychology. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam Hermann Ebbinghaus’ “Forgetting Curve”The “Three Box” Model of Memory (also known as Atkinson and Shiffrin Model) Automatic vs. Effortful ProcessingLong-Term PotentiationTypes of Memory: Declarative, Non Declarative, semantic, explicit, implicit, perspective - what are they and WHERE are they stored?Recency Effect and Primacy EffectProactive vs. Retroactive InterferenceAmnesia: retrograde, anterograde, and infantileSchemas, Concepts, and PrototypesHeuristics: representative and availability Convergent thinking and divergent thinkinggSternberg’s Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceReliability and ValidityWhorf-Sapir Hypothesis Morphemes and PhonemesFunctional Fixedness and relating to a problemJames-Lange Theory of EmotionSchedules of Reinforcement UCS, UCR, CS, CR - what order are they in for CC to occur?Cannon-Bard Theory of EmotionSchachter-Singer Theory of Emotion Cognitive DissonanceFAE Relative Deprivation Adaptation Level Phenomenon Prejudice and. discrimination and. ethnocentrism and. stereotypesDiffusion of Responsibility Action Potential and firing of a neuronSelf-fulfilling prophecy vs. self-serving biasStatistical SignificanceStandard Deviation Day 9: Acronym Review Day 9: Acronym Review - AP Psychology FRAChMAIQCAGABAIVSLTUPRCNSXXMBTI PETVRGASVI LTMCSMAOISSRIfMRI ECTREBTDSM-VREMWAUSLSDI/OLTPTHC OCDGADPTSDPDDAPATATMRICTFIUCSSTMLTM DV XYrTMSANS BMIDNAMMPISCN EEG The organization that oversees ethical considerations for psychology research. _____Want to optimize human behaviors in the workplace? Try being an __________ psychologist!! Projective tests used by Psychodynamic therapists include the __________, the Rorschach and the Person-Tree-House test. Your genetic makeup is thanks to the _____________ in your genome. According to Hans Selye, this model is what happens during finals week at school. ________B.F. Skinner came up with these schedules of reinforcement a pigeon. _______, __________, ___________, and ______________.The final is TOMORROW and it is 50% of your quarter grade!?! Did that scare you? Your ___________ is probably activated right now. Albert Ellis created this confrontational method of cognitive therapy. _______________________ is a neurotransmitter involved with movement and memory. Psychopharmacologists would use these ______________ and _____________ to reduce depression symptoms in people. The formula for intelligence is __________ divided by _________ x 100 = ____________.When neural connections strengthen due to repeated use, or the neural basis for memory and learning is known as __________________.Carl Rogers taught people to be client-centered and to treat everyone with ____________.Neuroscientists can study the brain using these four types of scans: ________________, ______________, ______________, and _________________One side effect of this type of biomedical therapy is long-term memory loss. _______________This is the great book of mental disorders. _____________This type of sleep is paradoxical, meaning your body is paralyzed but your mind is active. ______________According to Pavlov’s research on dogs, what was previously neutral in classical conditioning? ___________Your memory system is composed of sensory memory, _________, and ______________. In an experiment, the ____________ is what you manipulate and the ____________ is what you measure the outcome of. Albert Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” study demonstrates the ______________.Your brain and spinal cord make up the _________________.Females have a __________ genotype, males have a _____________ genotype. A biomedical treatment for depression using magnets is called ________________.The totally bogus test made by a mom-daughter team that is based off of Carl Jung’s archetypes model is the _____________________. (Oh, you’re an INSJ? Nice.)Food and motivation to eat have a direct link to how much body fat you have, called your ________________.David Wechsler created this adult intelligence test, called the ___________________.This test, the _________________, is a 567 question Personality Inventory that has a built in lie scale. You have your ____________ to thank for secreting melatonin, a hormone that induces sleepiness. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzThis type of drug is a hallucinogen. _____________Marijuana doesn’t fit neatly into the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen category of drugs, but it does contain a lot of _____________, its active ingredients. Disorders that are in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders include____________, _________________, _________, and _______________,This activity adapted from @phinneasthegage and expanded on. Thanks for the idea! -AR Day 10: Practice QuizDirections-Choose the best possible answer In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to:Make the individual feel superior to othersMake the individual feel inferior to others Mediate among the id, the superego, and realityServe the demands of the unconsciousServe the demands of the superegoThe coiled tube in the inner ear that contains auditory receptors is called the:Semicircular canalOssiclePinnaCochleaOval windowWhich of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?Reticular formationCorpus callosumHypothalamusCerebral cortexPituitary glandAccording to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves:RetrievalStorageRehearsalEncodingTransfer John suffered a head injury in a car accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John’s symptoms describe:Anterograde amnesiaBroca’s aphasiaCue-dependent forgettingSelective amnesiaRetroactive interferenceDrawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that:Each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for a studyAn equal number of males and females are selected for interviewsThe study includes at least some respondents from every social class in townThe study will uncover widely differing social attitudes among respondentsThe sample will be large enough even though people may refuse to be interviewed When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are:At the beginning of the list At the end of the listIn the middle of the listHardest to pronounceEasiest to spell Hypnosis is best described as a state that:Gives the hypnotist complete control over the thoughts and emotions of the hypnotized individualInduces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individualIs similar to and obsessive compulsive disorderIs similar to a condition produced by excessive consumption of alcoholIs similar to REM sleep The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called:HabituationAccommodationNatural selectionEugenicsSpecies assimilation A baby looks under a sofa for a ball that has just been rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby’s action shows development of:Conservation of massReversibilityObject permanenceLogical thinkingMetacognitionWhich of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at 2, 4, and 6 years of age?Cross-sectionalLongitudinalCross-culturalCorrelationalProjective An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of:LearningFree willDeterminismBiological instinctsUnconscious processes Studies of learning have shown that animals will learn to develop an aversion for tastes associated with:Electric shockExtinguished associationsSicknessNovel stimuliStarvation An individual’s fear of dogs that is lost as an individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situations is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been:SatiatedSuppressedRepressedExtinguishedPunished In psychology, Gestalt principles are used to explain:Statistical probabilitiesSomatic behavioral disordersPerceptual organizationStimulus-detection thresholdsAltered states of consciousness An individual with damage to Wernicke’s area is most likely to have difficulty with:Identifying an object held in a hand but not seenPlanning what to wear to a partyRemembering the name of a person in a photoComprehending a spoken request for informationDistinguishing between red and green Which psychologists reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment?BanduraPiagetHarlowEriksonLorenz Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that:Earning good grades causes people to sleep moreSleeping more causes students to perform better in schoolStudents who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do notMore sleep has a beneficial impact on student’s gradesSleep deprivation has no impact on school performance Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of:AntagonistAgonistInhibitory postsynaptic potentialExcitatory postsynaptic potentialExcitatory neurotransmitter A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study’s:SamplePopulationOperational definitionControl groupRandomization During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?Sleep apneaNarcolepsyInsomniaNight terrorsREM rebound effect In vision, transduction occurs within the:Optic nerveVisual cortexRetinaLensCornea Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person’s:BalanceAbility to develop plansVisionFine motor movementsLanguage processing After staring at a green, black and orange “American flag” for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?Trichromatic theoryOpponent-process theoryRetinex theoryColor constancyConvergence According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the:Frontal lobesEgoSuperegoIdLatent stageDay 11: What Doesn’t BelongIdentify what does not belong in each set. Then explain WHY. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam SharifPiagetMilgramAschLatane WAISStanford-BinetWISCRorschach IQRepressionProjectionDeindividuationSublimationReaction FormationAssimilationObject PermanenceConvergenceConservationEgocentrism ReliabilityValidityGestaltStandardizationHallucinationsNegative SymptomsFlat Affect DelusionsCompulsionsWundtG. Stanley HallDixTitchenerMary Whiton Calkins Hierarchy of NeedsDrive Reduction Yerkes-Dodson Law Optimal Arousal Instinct ConscientiousOpennessIntrovertedExtrovertedAgreeableCattellCosta and McCraeAllportAdlerEysenckIdFixationEgoCollective UnconsciousSuperegoAmygdalaMedullaHypothalamusPituitary GlandThalamusOptic NerveFeature DetectorsRetinaRodsConesInterpositionRelative HeightMotion ParallaxContinuityLinear PerspectiveFixationFunctional FixednessConvergent ThinkingMental SetAlgorithmMorphemes SyntaxSemanticsWhorf Sapir HypothesisPhonemesSternbergBinetGolemanGardnerBandura PavlovPiagetThorndikeKohlerTolemanPinealPituitarySomaticThyroidAdrenalLaw of EffectPrimary ReinforcerFixed Interval ScheduleSkinner BoxUnconditioned StimulusREBTToken EconomyCounterconditioningSSRI’sPsychoanalysisDay 12: Defense Mechanism Review Review the defense mechanisms in the list below. Then, check your understanding.My girlfriend recently broke up with me after we had dated seriously for several years. At first, I cried a great deal and locked myself in my room where I pouted and curled up in a ball and cried myself to sleep each night. (1) I was sure that my former girlfriend felt as miserable as I did. I told several friends that SHE was probably lonely and depressed. (2) Later, I decided that I hated her. I was HAPPY!!! about the breakup and talked about how much I was going to enjoy my newfound freedom. (3) I went to parties and socialized a great deal and just forgot about her. It’s funny – at one point I couldn’t even remember her middle name OR her phone number!!! (4) Then, I started wanting her again. But, eventually I began to look at the situation more objectively. I realized that she had many faults and wasn’t all that great of a girlfriend, that I could never marry her, and … really… and that we were bound to break up sooner or later, so I was better off without her.(5)1._________________________________2._________________________________3.________________________________4._________________________________5.__________________________________Word Bank:RationalizationRepressionRegressionDisplacementSublimationReaction FormationProjectionIntellectualizationDay 13: Review Psychology’s Perspectives! Perspectives [of Psychology] Sort Directions: The following list of terms can be sorted into categories for the Perspectives of Psychology. Use the following headings: Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Biological, Evolutionary, Behavioral/Learning, and Socio-Cultural. In your group, place each of the terms below into a category and JUSTIFY your answer. The ones you have to look up? Yeah, that’s what you study. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam GestaltProspective Memory Prototypes HeritabilityCarl RogersTardive Dyskinesia Person-Centered Therapy IQ neurons Howard Gardnercerebral cortexAlbert Bandura Kinesthetic senseidLaw of EffectMorphemes Charles Darwin TAT DopamineJohn Watson Bobo Doll Ernst Hilgard Schedules of Reinforcement Collectivist CultureErik Eriksontabula rasa Abraham Maslow Temperament“g”EEG GenderLatent LearningLimbic System Action Potential Traits PET Scan ESPCocktail Party EffectLatent ContentAttachmentLanguage Acquisition DeviceNonsense Syllables Womb EnvyUnconditional Positive RegardJames-Lange TheoryNoam ChomskyWeber’s Law Free AssociationMaturationSensory AdaptationRorschach Ink BlotRepression B.F. Skinner Self-Actualization Individualist Cultures Dissociative Identity DisorderAaron Beck Representativeness HeuristicAptitude Test Fovea/Foveal Vision Oedipus ComplexSuperordinate Goals Endocrine System Crystallized Intelligence Bystander Effect Whorf Hypothesis Premack Principle Defense MechanismsEthnocentrismCentral Route (to Persuasion)PrejudiceSocial Learning Theory SemanticsWAIS Reaction FormationProcedural Memories Elizabeth Loftus Bipolar DisorderHallucinationsarchetypes overjustification effectMnemonic DevicesAlfred Adlerinferiority complex FAEPhallic StageLearned Helplessness HomeostasisShallow Processingsemantic encodingTaste Aversion Spontaneous RecoveryInsomnia Day 14: Abnormal Psychology ReviewMetacognitive Word Sort or Mind Map ActivityDirections: For a review of abnormal psychology, today you should sort the following terms into categories of disorder. Where do they fit? Make a mind map or a set of columns to put your terms into. Can you do this easily? Terms you can’t identify easily or sort easily are the ones you should study. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam Terms: Dissociative FugueManiaConversion DisorderDepressionMDDPositive Symptoms Mood DisordersAnxiety DisordersSomatoform DisordersCompulsionsOCDBipolar Disorder Flat AffectPersistent Depressive Disorder Catatonia Schizoid“Sociopath” Psychotic Insanity GeneticChronicDepressionBorderlineAmnesia Acute NorepinephrineSocial Anxiety DisorderAnorexia NervosaPersonality DisorderOCPDIllness Anxiety DisorderSplit Mind“Multiple Personalities”AgoraphobiaDIDDissociative Identity DisorderGADPanic DisorderSpecific PhobiaObsessions ManiaPTSDPsychotic DisorderDelusions Hallucinations Eating DisordersHistrionicSerotoninDopamineBulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder“Fear of the marketplace” Avoidant Narcissistic Chronic “Word Salad”Selective-attention Twin Studies Flu epidemicLearning Perspective Day 15: Stats Review Questions Statistics and Psychology Review 1. The typical IQ test has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. If you scored 115, what percentage of others who have taken the test scored lower than you? 34 %48%68%84%98%2. What is the median of the following distribution: 6, 2, 9, 4, 7, 3? 4 5 5.5 6 6.53. Sandy scores a perfect 100 on a test that everyone else fails. If we were to graph this distribution, it would besymmetrical normalpositively skewed. negatively skewed. a straight line.4. The median is a more accurate measure of central tendency in a set of scores that:clusters around the arithmetic average.contains scores that are odd numbers.shows the differences between the experimental and control groups.is based on a very small sample of participants in an experiment.contains a few extreme scores that are outliers.5. Jose hypothesizes that a new drug he has just invented will enhance mice’s memories. He feeds the drug to the experimental group and gives the control group a placebo. He then times the mice as they learn to run through a maze. In order to know whether his hypothesis has been supported, Jose would need to use scatter plotsdescriptive statisticshistogramsinferential statisticsmeans-end analysis.6. A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 2.35 percent chance that results are due to a fluke chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding?This is well beyond the range of statistical significance.5% or lower means something is statistically significant, so this data can be trusted. This is not statistically significant.There is no way to determine statistical significance without the replication of the study.Change or coincidence is unrelated to statistical significance.7. In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean?34%40%50%68%95%Answers:Answer: D, 2.1 + 13.6 + 34.1 +34.1 = 83.9. So, about 84% of the scores are LOWER than yours. Answer: B, The median of the distribution is 5. The problem is easier if you put the scores in order: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9. Since the distribution has an even number of scores, there is no middle score and you must average the two middle scores, 4 and 6.Answer: C, Sandy’s perfect score is an outlier and will therefore skew the distribution. Since it is a high score in a distribution of low scores, the distribution will be positively skewed.Answer: E, A list of scores that contains extreme or outlier scores will produce a positive or negative skew in the mean, and the median will be a more accurate measure to report. Answer: D, Jose needs to compare the performances of the two groups using inferential statistics to determine whether or not the experimental group’s performance was significantly better. Scatter plots are used to graph correlations. Jose would certainly be interested in descriptive statistics as well, but he would not know whether or not his hypothesis had been supported until he used inferential statistics. Histograms are bar graphs, and means-end analysis is a problem solving technique.Answer: B, the p value must be less than .05 in order for a study’s results to be considered statistically significant. This data would be .0235 and thus, it is statistically significant. Answer: D, 68% can be arrived at by adding 34 +34. Sources of questions: AP Psychology in Modules 2E by David Myers, , and Barron’s AP Psychology. Used, again, without permission. Sorry, David Myers. Day 16: Confusing Pairs AP Psychology Exam Review Sheet “Confusing Pairs” - Can you easily define these terms? Can you differentiate between the two? Bottom-up processing v. Top-down processing Agonist v. Antagonist Random Assignment v. Random SampleApplied Research v. Basic Research Self-Serving Bias v. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies Structuralism v. FunctionalismDescriptive Statistics v. Inferential StatisticsSyntax v. semanticsAnterograde amnesia v. Retrograde Amnesia Systematic Desensitization v. Aversion Conditioning (therapy)Absolute Threshold v. Just-noticeable-difference (JND)Independent Variable v. Dependent VariableExperimental Group v. Control Group Corpus Callosum v. Cerebral Cortex Sympathetic Nervous System v. Parasympathetic Neurotransmitters v. Hormones Broca’s Area v. Wernicke’s Area Afferent neurons v. Efferent neuronsAssimilation v. AccommodationRods v. ConesPrimacy effect v. Recency effect Proactive interference v. retroactive interference Implicit memory v. Explicit memoryAlgorithms v. Heuristics Representative heuristics v. Availability heuristics Phonemes v. Morphemes Fluid Intelligence v. Crystallized Intelligence Validity v. Reliability Achievement test v. Aptitude test Intrinsic motivation v. Extrinsic motivation Type A (high stress) v. Type B (low stress)Day 17: Piaget Review and Meets Santa Organize the terms into the correct boxes: object permanence, exploring with touch and taste, conservation of matter, Theory of Mine (not a Piaget term but fits well), reverse operations, literal thinking, formal thinking, animism, egocentrism, StageAgeKey Terms Found Within Also - what are schemas, assimilation, and accommodation according to Piaget?Directions: Match the stages of cognitive development with the correct observations, thoughts and feelings, and beliefs by placing a letter on the line in front of the statements that match. Note: Options may be used more than once. From Halonen, J., & Gray, C. (2001) . The Critical Thinking Companion for Introductory Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers.A. Sensorimotor StageB. Preoperational StageC. Concrete Operations StageD. Formal Operations Stage________ 1. A child at this stage would observe the consistency in Santa’s clothing (red suit) and his demeanor (jolly, Ho-Ho-Ho).________ 2. A child at this stage might feel frightened or curious. He/she might cry at this oddly dressed hairy guy with a booming voice or he/she might reach out and want to touch the beard and the red suit. ________ 3. A child at this stage might begin to recognize the inconsistencies in Santa’s appearance: “How can there be so many Santas all over town?” or “Why are some Santa’s thin?”________ 4. A child at this stage might appreciate the cultural custom of Santa. They enjoy Santa as a symbol of seasonal celebration in keeping with their ability to understand abstract ideas. They recognize the importance of shared customs as a means of promoting closeness in their families and culture.________ 5. A child at this stage would observe a mass of bright red and white, deep booming sounds, a soft lap, and a tickly beard.________ 6. A child at this stage would begin to think and question:How can Santa get to kids’ homes all over the world in one night?How can reindeer fly?Just how does Santa keep track of good behavior????________ 7. A child at this stage would believe in the physical reality of Santa--that Santa lives at the North Pole and that he stays warm because he wears the red suit and boots, etc.________ 8. For a child at this stage, belief in Santa’s existence is not an issue because they have no existing organizing schema in which to put him.________ 9. In this stage, finding out Santa is not real is devastating, and may result in crying and disbelief. I mean...HE IS AT THE MALL and everything! ________10. A child at this stage, really thinks that Squirt, the “Elf on the Shelf” will tell Santa if they have been good or naughty. ________11. Santa isn’t real. Obviously, but Christmas is and the spirit of the holidays and goodwill to all is an important cultural idea. ________ 12. George sees a violin under the tree with a big red bow on it, he says, “Mama! Look! A guitar!” What stage of Piaget says a child accommodates or assimilates (what this is an example of) to understand their world? Finally - Compare Piaget’s theory of child development to Lev Vygotsky’s. What were some of Vygotsky’s key claims? Ideas? Terms? *Santa and Piaget activity used without permission from Jane Halonen. Sorry, Jane. :) Multiple adaptations of this are available online. Day 18: Six Word SummariesDirections: Much of students' difficulty on the FRQ is their inability to come up with a clear, succinct, concise definition. Try your hand at defining these key AP Psychology terms in six words - no more, no less. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam StructuralismEmpiricism PsychologyConfirmation BiasNaturalistic ObservationExperimentStatistical SignificanceAction PotentialSympathetic Nervous SystemHypothalamus HippocampusEndocrine SystemCAT ScanBrain PlasticityHeritabilityMonozygotic TwinNature vs. NurtureRetinaFoveal VisionBasilar MembraneFeature DetectorsParallel ProcessingGestaltSelective AttentionMonocular CuesPerceptual SetUnconditioned StimulusSecondary ReinforcerPremack PrincipleVicarious LearningCognitive MapStimulantLatent LearningREMActivation-SynthesisLong Term PotentiationThree-Box Model (of memory)Proactive InterferenceIQAvailability HeuristicFunctional FixednessAlgorithmPhonemeLinguistic RelativityLanguage Acquisition DeviceReliabilityValidityTriarchic Theory of IntelligenceEgocentrismTheory of MindConservation Zone of Proximal DevelopmentTrait TheorySuperegoPsychoanalysisOedipus ComplexReciprocal Determinism “BIG FIVE” Self-ActualizationJames-Lange Theory of MotivationDriveHomeostasisType A PersonalityGeneral Adaptation SyndromeRelative DeprivationHallucinationsDelusionsCompulsionsPositive Symptoms (of schizophrenia)AntipsychoticBiomedical Model Aversion TherapyREBTCounterconditioningConformityObedienceCognitive DissonanceSocial TrapDiffusion of ResponsibilitySuperordinate Goals How’d you do? The ones you skipped because they were “too hard”? Yeah, go back and look those up. *Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology will not be on the 2020 exam Day 19: Review these “top ten” lists from each chapter. What do you need to study yet? TOP TEN FOR ALL OUR FAVORITE CHAPTERS (From the Gazannigga Book) Prologue Top Ten:StructuralismFunctionalismWilhelm WundtEmpiricismWilliam JamesJohn Locke/Tabula RasaIntrospectionBehaviorismPerspectives [of psychology]PsychiatristChapter 1 (Research) Top Ten:Hindsight BiasOperational DefinitionReplicationRandom SampleRandom AssignmentCorrelationIndependent VariableDependent VariableMeasures of Central TendencyStandard DeviationChapter 2 (Neuropsychology) Top Ten:NeuronAction PotentialNeurotransmittersNervous SystemEndocrine SystemBrain ScansBrainstem (and parts of…)Limbic System (and parts of…)Cerebral CortexSensory (afferent) vs. Motor (efferent) neuronsChapter 3 (Nature vs. Nurture) Top Ten:Evolutionary Psychology & PerspectiveBehavior-Genetics PerspectiveGenomeGender Schema TheoryTemperamentHeritabilitySocial Learning TheoryNatural SelectionGenderCultureChapter 4 (Development) Top Ten:TeratogensDiana Baumrind & ParentingCognitive Development (Piaget/Vygotsky)MaturationHabituationTheory of MindAttachment: Harlow & AinsworthCritical Period & Konrad LorenzMorality: Kohlberg & Carol GilliganIntelligence in old age (crystallized vs. fluid)Chapter 5 (Sensation) Top Ten:Thresholds – absolute and difference, jndSensory AdaptationTransductionEye – parts & processEar – parts & process , theories of hearingParallel ProcessingColor Vision – how we see it, theories ofGate-Control TheoryKinesthesisTypes of deafness: conduction vs. sensorineural Chapter 6 (Perception) Top Ten:Selective Attention/Stroop EffectGestalt (and Gestalt grouping principles)Figure-GroundDepth Perception (Gibson & Walk)Monocular CuesBinocular CuesPerceptual ConstancyPerceptual SetHow we see motion – Phi/StroboscopicPerceptual AdaptationChapter 7 (States of Consciousness) Top Ten:Circadian RhythmsREM Sleep /REM ReboundBiology of Sleep: SCN and MelatoninSleep DisordersManifest vs. Latent ContentDream TheoriesStimulantsDepressantsDependence vs. ToleranceChapter 8 (Learning) Top TenPavlov & Classical ConditioningSkinner & Operant ConditioningJohn B. Watson and BehaviorismE.L. Thorndike and the Law of EffectPremack PrincipleNegative vs. Positive ReinforcementSchedules of ReinforcementLatent Learning (Toleman)Kohler & Insight LearningBandura & Observational Learning & Social LearningChapter 9 (Memory) Top Ten:EncodingStorageRetrievalInterference (Proactive & Retroactive)Procedural MemoriesDeclarative MemoriesRecallMnemonicElizabeth LoftusHerman EbbinghausChapter 10 (Thinking & Language) Top Ten:HeuristicsBelief Bias Fixation/Functional FixednessAlgorithmWhorf-Sapir HypothesisNoam ChomskyLinguistic Determinism/ Linguistic RelativitySyntax vs. SemanticsMental SetPhonemes vs. MorphemesChapter 11 (Intelligence) Top Ten:Intelligence Quotient/IQCharles Spearman /”g”Howard Gardner – Multiple IntelligencesRobert Sternberg – Triarchic TheoryValidityAptitudeAchievementDavid Wechsler/WAISStandardizationReliabilityChapter 12 (Motivation) Top Ten:Instinct TheoryDrive-Reduction TheoryHomeostasisIncentive TheoryMaslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsIndustrial-Organizational PsychologyHypothalamus and HungerFlowYerkes-Dodson LawChapter 13 (Emotion) Top Ten:James-Lange Theory (of Emotion)Cannon-Bard Theory (of Emotion)Two-Factor/Singer-Schachter Theory (suproxin)Richard Lazarus’s Cognitive AppraisalOpponent-Process theory of EmotionCatharsisSubjective Well BeingAdaptation Level PhenomenonRelative DeprivationChapter 14 (Stress & Health) Top Ten:Type AType BHans SelyeGeneral Adaptation SyndromeStressProblem-focused copingEmotion-based copingBiofeedbackLymphocytesFriedman & Rosenman StudyChapter 15 (Personality) Top Ten:Sigmund FreudId, Ego, and SuperegoDefense MechanismsTrait Theory – cardinal, BIG 5,MMPILocus of ControlExtrovert/IntrovertsProjective Tests (TAT, Rorschach)Carl RogersNeoFreudians – Adler, Horney, Jung, etc…Chapter 16 (Disorders) Top Ten:Anxiety DisordersMood DisordersDSM-5Personality DisordersSchizophreniaDelusionsHallucinationsSomatoform DisordersDissociative DisordersMania vs. DepressionChapter 17 (Therapy) Top Ten”Systematic DesensitizationAversive ConditioningECTRational Emotive Therapy (RET)Client-Centered Therapy/AGEAaron Beck & Cognitive TherapyAntipsychotic/NeurolepticTardive DyskinesiaPsychoanalysisAntidepressant: Prozac, SSRI, MAOI,AP Psychology Test Taking TipsUse P.O.E. – Process of Elimination.Eliminate options you KNOW aren’t the answer.“All of the Above” is generally a good choice.Longer answers are often the most correct.Read the questions over twice. I can’t tell you how many times I hear, “Oh…if I had just read the question right on the test!!!!! When reading the options, if opposites are listed, the best choice is between those two.For example: anterograde amnesia/retrograde amnesia or dependent variable/independent variableThis is also true for when two items you know to be from the same chapter/theoryAssimilation/AccommodationPlace Theory/Frequency TheoryDon’t obsess over a question you don’t know. Move on.Use your time wisely. You get 70 minutes for 100 questions. Work quickly, but efficiently. Go back and review your test, if time.Don’t read too much into the questions. Take them at face value. Don’t add information that isn’t there.Check to make sure you haven’t made a stupid scan sheet error (i.e. skipped a bubble).Anticipate the answer, if you can. THEN check to see if it is listed as a choice, A-E. If so…mark that answer and move on.Watch for distractors that have nothing to do with the subject matter. If the question is about memory, get rid of the developmental or psychoanalytical terms that are listed as distractors.WATCH FOR HELP!!! Some multiple choice questions will help you with others. Answer every question - there is no penalty for guessing! ................
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