SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY HELPS EXPLAIN PREJUDICE



|SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY HELPS |PEOPLE IDENTIFY WITH THEIR IN |STUDIES HAVE USED EITHER LAB OR FIELD |IT IS NOT EASY TO REMOVE IN-GROUP/OUT-GROUP BEHAVIOUR|

|EXPLAIN PREJUDICE. |GROUP, AND THEN COMPARE THEIR |EXPERIMENTS WHERE THERE ARE CLEAR CONTROLS, SO|AS IT IS A FEATURE OF SOCIETY THAT PEOPLE HAVE |

| |GROUP WITH THE OUT GROUP TO RAISE |CAUSE AND EFFECT CONCLUSIONS CAN BE DRAWN. |DIFFERENT AFFILIATIONS. EVEN IF SOME GROUPS MERGE, |

| |SELF ESTEEM. | |THEY ARE LIKELY THEN TO BE HOSTILE TO ANOTHER GROUP. |

| | | | |

|MILGRAM’S AGENCY THEORY CAN BE |PEOPLE ACT AS AGENTS IN SOCIETY TO|THERE IS EVIDENCE FOR THE AGENCY THEORY |OBEDIENCE IS A COMPLEX ISSUE. |

|USED TO EXPLAIN OBEDIENCE. |AUTHORITY FIGURES, OBEYING ORDERS |EXPLANATION FOR BLIND OBEDIENCE FROM MILGRAM |FOR EXAMPLE IT IS HARD TO MEASURE OBEDIENCE IN ONE |

| |FROM PEOPLE IN POWER RATHER THAN |AND HOFLING’S RESEARCH. |WAY, SO HARD TO RESEARCH IT VALIDLY. |

| |ACTING AUTONOMOUSLY. | | |

|RESEARCH INTO THE RELIABILITY |LOFTUS HAS CARRIED OUT MANY |STUDIES IN THIS AREA TEND TO BE EXPERIMENTS, |YUILLE AND CUTSHALL CARRIED OUT A FIELD STUDY |

|OF EYE WITNESS TESTIMONY HAS |STUDIES IN THIS AREA. IN 1974 SHE |WHICH HAVE GOOD CONTROLS OF EXTRANEOUS |INTERVIEWING PEOPLE WHO HAD SEEN A ROBBERY. THEY |

|LED TO A REDUCTION IN THE |SHOWED Ps A CLIP OF A CAR |VARIABLES AND CLEARLY STUDY AN IV AND HOW IT |FOUND WITNESSES MEMORIES REMAINED REASONABLY ACCURATE|

|NUMBER OF MISCARRIAGES OF |ACCIDENT AND ASKED THE QUESTION |AFFECTS THE DV. |EVEN AFTER SOME TIME HAD PASSED. |

|JUSTICE |‘HOW FAST WAS THE CAR GOING WHEN | |ETHICALLY IT IS HARD TO STUDY THE MEMORIES OF REAL |

| |IT…’ INFORMATION WHICH IS RECALLED| |WITNESSES; ANY QUESTIONS BY RESEARCHERS MAY AFFECT |

| |IS AFFECTED BY THE WAY THE | |THEIR MEMORY AND THEREFORE THE CASE. |

| |QUESTION IS ASKED. | | |

|COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY IS |THE FOCUS IS ON HOW THOUGHTS LEAD |THE THERAPIST WORKS WITH THE CLIENT TO HELP |A CLIENT HAS TO BE ABLE TO CONSIDER THEIR THOUGHTS, |

|A TYPE OF THERAPY USED FOR |TO FEELINGS THAT IN TURN LEAD TO |THEM LEARN NEW STRATEGIES TO COPE WITH |DO HOMEWORK AND REMEMBER EARLY EXPERIENCES. THEY HAVE|

|DEPRESSION AND OTHER MENTAL |BEHAVIOUR, WHICH HAS CONSEQUENCES.|NEGATIVE AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS. |TO BE ABLE TO DO THIS COGNITIVELY, SO THERAPY MAY NOT|

|HEALTH PROBLEMS. |A – ACTIVATING EVENT | |WORK FOR EVERYBODY. |

| |B – BELIEFS ABOUT ACTIVATING EVENT| | |

| |C – CONSEQUENCES | | |

| | | | |

|PSYCHOANALYSIS IS A THERAPY |PSYCHOANALYSIS IS A TYPE OF |PSYCHOANALYSIS IS STILL USED OVER 100 YEARS |PSYCHOANALYSIS INVOLVES INTENSIVE VISITS FOR A LONG |

|USED TO HELP THOSE WHO ARE |THERAPY WHICH FOCUSES ON REVEALING|LATER, AND THE THEORY CONTINUES TO BE BUILT |TIME SO IT IS TIME-CONSUMING AND EXPENSIVE. |

|MENTALLY ILL, SO HELPS SOCIETY |THE UNCONSCIOUS. |ON. FREUD’S WORK WAS THE START OF ‘TALKING | |

|TO MAINTAIN MENTAL HEALTH. | |THERAPY’ WHICH HUMANISED THE WAY MENTALLY ILL | |

| | |STUDENTS WERE TREATED. | |

| | | | |

|RESEARCH INTO THE POSSIBLE |.AUTISM IS A CONDITION THAT |MALE BRAINS ARE LESS LATERALISED THAT FEMALE |SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE CAN BE GATHERED, FOR EXAMPLE |

|CAUSES OF AUTISM CAN HELP THOSE|AFFECTS MORE BOYS THAN GIRLS. |BRAINS AND PRODUCE LESS EMPHASISING ABILITY. |USING SCANNING TECHNIQUES TO SEE THE DIFFERENT SIZES |

|AFFECTED DEAL MORE EFFECTIVELY |GENERAL FEATURES INCLUDE SOCIAL |AUTISTIC PEOPLE SEEM TO HAVE AN OVEREMPHASIS |OF BRAIN STRUCTURES. (De-Bellis et al) |

|WITH ISSUES THAT CAUSE |WITHDRAWAL, AN EMPHASIS ON SYSTEMS|ON FEATURES THAT COME FROM A MALE BRAIN | |

|DIFFICULTIES FOR THEM |AND ORDER AND SOMETIMES | | |

| |EXTRAORDINARY TALENT. | | |

|GENDER BEHAVIOUR IS EXPLAINED |MALES ARE XY AND ARE GOVERNED BY |THE FINDINGS ABOUT GENDER ARE MEASURABLE AND |SOME STUDIES ARE CARRIED OUT ON ANIMALS, AND FINDINGS|

|THROUGH HORMONES AND GENES. |ANDROGENS AND FEMALES ARE XX, |TESTABLE, SO RESULTS FROM STUDIES HAVE |FROM ANIMALS MAY NOT BE VALIDLY GENERALISED TO SAY |

|THIS IS A CONTRIBUTION OF THE |GOVERNED BY OESTROGEN. |OBJECTIVITY. |THEY ARE TRUE TO HUMANS. |

|BIOLOGIAL APPROACH | | | |

|A CONTRIBUTION OF THE LEARNING |IT WORKS BY LINKING RELAXATION |THIS THERAPY GIVES THE CLIENT SOME CONTROL |IT IS BETTER TO USE FOR SPECIFIC PHOBIAS, AS THE |

|APPROACH IS SYSTEMATIC |INSTEAD OF FEAR TO SOMETHING THAT |OVER WHAT THEY AGREE TO AND IS A GRADUAL |PHOBIA NEEDS TO BROKEN DOWN INTO A HIERARCHY WHICH IS|

|DESENSITISATION WHICH IS A |CAUSES THE PHOBIA. THIS TREATMENT |THERAPY. |NOT AS EASY WITH GENERAL PHOBIAS. |

|TREATMENT USED FOR PHOBIAS. |FOLLOWS THE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING| | |

| |PRINCIPLES. | | |

|FROM THE LEARNING APPROACH, |THE REQUIRED BEHAVIOUR IS REWARDED|THIS TYPE OF THERAPY CAN BE CARRIED OUT BY |IT CAN BE HARD TO TRANSFER THE LEARNING FROM THE |

|TOKEN ECONOMY IS NOW USED IN |BY SOME SORT OF TOKEN THAT CAN BE |PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT THERAPISTS, THEY MUST BE |INSTITUTION TO THE ‘OUTSIDE’ WORLD AS THE ENVIRONMENT|

|SCHOOLS, PRISONS AND OTHER |EXCHANGED FOR A REWARD. THE |TRAINED HOWEVER, BUT THE TRAINING IS NOT VERY |IS DIFFERENT. |

|INSTITUTIONS TO CONTROL |PROGRAMME FOLLOWS THE OPERANT |EXPENSIVE. | |

|BEHAVIOUR. |CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES. | | |

|IF AN INDIVIDUAL HAS A MENTAL |SCHIZOPHRENIA CAN BE AT LEAST |IN ABOUT A THIRD OF CASES DRUG TREATMENT |MEDICATION DOES NOT WORK IN ALL CASES, THOUGH IF IT |

|ILLNESS THAT CAN BE TREATED, |PARTIALLY CONTROLLED BY |CONTROLS SCHIZOPHRENIA AS LONG AS THE |HAS A CALMING EFFECT PERHAPS THAT QUALIFIES AS |

|THIS HELPS THE INDIVIDUAL AND |ANTI-SCHIZOPHRENIC DRUGS, AND THE |MEDICATION IS TAKEN. |‘HELP’. THE PROBLEM IS THAT MANY PEOPLE SAY THAT |

|SOCIETY. |DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS SEEMS TO | |BEING ‘DRUGGED’ IS NOT A SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT BECAUSE|

| |EXPLAIN AT LEAST SOME FORMS OF | |THE PERSON IS NO LONGER ‘THEMSELVES’. |

| |SCHIZOPHRENIA. | | |

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