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Consultation for Counselors Final ExamSpring 2014Name_Emily Garvey___________________________________1. Behavioral consultation is an example of which of the following consultation models? a. Triadic-dependent b. Triadic-independent c. Collaborative-dependent d. Collaborative-interdependent2. Which of the following is the best example of client-centered case consultation? a. an experienced teacher assisting a new teacher in developing a behavior management program for a problem child b. a psychologist evaluating a child and then providing recommendation for treatment to a teacher c. a counseling psychologist available for discussion of residence assistants' concerns about dormitory residents d. a social worker assisting in the design of a new medical assistance program for migrant workers3. A teacher shares a concern about one of the students in her class. She states that the student, normally a bright and active class participant in class, has become more and more withdrawn over the past few weeks. After meeting with the student, the counselor suspects the student is being sexually abused by her mother's new boyfriend. In this situation, a school counselor's first responsibility is to contact. a. the student's mother b. the school principal c. a local counseling center to make a referral d. the state child protective services4. Which of the following is a responsibility of a Counselor Advisory Committee? a. Reviewing counseling program data and activity outcomes to make recommendations to the counselor b. Evaluating the counselor's performance of professional activities c. Reporting recommendations about the counseling plans to administrators d. Sharing the local condition of education with the media 5. Which of the following is the best example of a mentoring program? a. A professional school counselor and a special education teacher cooperate in developing a plan to integrate students with disabilities into extracurricular activities b. A professional school counselor arranges an all school assembly in which community members share their work experiences with students. c. Students receive tutoring from and participate in recreational activities with adults from the community during free periods, after school or in the summer. d. Students spend part of the day in a resource room receiving individualized attention from a special education teacher.6. When the consultant thinks that a skill deficit accounts for a consultee’s difficulty with a client, Caplan would recommend a. working intensively with the consultee to provide him or her with the needed skills. b. advising the consultee’s superior that there is a problem. c. searching the research literature for an appropriate intervention that is empirically supported to provide to the consultee. d. helping the consultee find appropriate ways of gaining the skills needed within his or her organization7. What purpose does the consultee's identification with the consultant serve in mental health consultation? a.It assures the consultant's entry into the consultee's institution. b.It helps establish the expectation that the consultant has the skills to assist the consultee. c.It makes it more likely that the consultant will be an effective model of professional functioning for the consultee. d.It assures that the consultee will retain ownership of the problem.8. Caplan's model of consultation was developed as a.a means of incorporating cognitive behavioral therapy concepts into the workplace b.a means of dealing with crisis situations with clients c.an alternate role for mental health professionals d.a new profession9. The evaluation of case outcomes in mental health consultation a. employs single-subject research designs b. is often difficult because of the indirect nature of the consultant's service c. is the consultant's responsibility d. presents particular difficulty in case-centered consultation10. According to Caplan, what is the most appropriate problem to address in consultee-centered consultation? a. lack of knowledge b. lack of skill c. lack of self confidence d. lack of objectivity11. The primary focus of assessment in client-centered case consultation is a. the consultee's feelings about a client b. the client c. the client and the consultee/client relationship d. the setting in which the problem occurs12. When working with students who have disabilities, a professional school counselor should communicate with outside doctors and therapists to enhance school-based services. By doing so, the counselor is taking on the role of a. investigator b. collaborator c. enabler d. coordinator13. To be effective behavioral contracts must a. Establish goals that are both high and concrete b. Have attainable goals c. Be monitored on a regular basis d. Employ the thinking called successive approximations14. Withholding a reinforcer can best be classified as a. Time out b. Punishment c. Natural consequences d. Restitution15. Which of the following is not true about an equal value-equal power relationship? a. the process be voluntary b. goals must be mutual c. problems must be solved using a win-win focus d. all of the above16. The best approach to problem analysis requires that the focus be upon a. consultee's behavioral deficits b. consultee-client interactions c. client behavioral deficits d. client behavioral deficits as well as setting and intrapersonal variables that may influence the behavior17. Self-efficacy expectations can be roughly equaled with a. confidence ratings that one can perform in a certain area b. importance attached to a situation c. expectations of outcome d. behavioral observations of performance18. Albert Bandura’s construct of appraisal can be defined as a. the individual’s ability to assess a situation b. the importance an individual attaches to an outcome c. the importance the people in the environment attach to an outcome d. all of the above19. An intervention used to directly alter cognitive patterns is a. covert modeling b. cognitive restructuring c. cognitive modeling d. systematic desensitization20. The purpose of the Magic Question in SFCC is to a. Focus the consultation on the future b. Make the consultee aware of his power to solve problems c. Focus on why problems can be resolved d. None of the above21. The key to managing resistance to organizational change is generally a. good conflict management b. making sure that it doesn't arise by using only interventions that do not cause resistance c. using internal consultants who are familiar with the staff’s needs, values, and concerns d. getting the change endorsed by the power structure22. The most used of the organizational development strategies is probably a. conflict management b. culture building c. strategic planning d. culture building23. The process by which a school loses energy and momentum is called a. decay b. entropy c. systemic failures d. cultural resistance24. “Evidenced-based” intervention means that:a. interventions have been validated in research studies before they are usedb. consultants collect evidence to determine that the interventions they are using workc. consultants employ a three-tier model when delivering interventionsd. ongoing progress monitoring data have been used to monitor a client’s response to intervention25. Several studies have found that one way that skilled consultants differ from less skilled consultants is that skilled consultants a. are more focused on consultee feelings and attitudes b. spend more time devising an intervention plan c. spend more time defining the problem d. validate the consultee’s contributions more frequently26. Which of the following activities is not associated with instructional consultation? a. curriculum based instruction b. group testing c. behavioral analysis d. classroom management27. Parental consultation as described in the text draws upon multiple sources for its conceptualization. Which of the following is not one of those sources? a. systems theory b. mental health consultation c. social learning theory d. Adlerian theory28. Of the various sources that were drawn upon for the conceptualization of the parental consultation model described in the book, which of the following is most influential? a. systems theory b. mental health consultation c. social learning theory d. Adlerian theory29. Power equalization can be accomplished by a. open ended questions b. reflection of feelings c. accepting the consultee's pathological behavior d. requiring consultee effort30. In considering the role of evaluation in consultation, the consultant a. needs to use the consultee’s opinion as the prime factor in any decision that is made b. should do what the administration wants him/her to do c. should be as proactive as possible d. should concentrate on collecting as much data as possible and then use it as needed31. Formative evaluation is concerned with a. what goes on during the consultation b. more quantitative methodology c. the consultee’s contribution to consultation d. the impact of consultation32. Ethical principles to guide consultants are a. practically non-existent b. embedded in most codes of ethics c. fairly well-articulated, particularly for psychologists d. well-articulated33. A code of ethics should guide an individual consultant primarily by a. being comprehensive, that is, providing answers to most questions that arise during consultation b. dealing with the issues that cannot be handled by common sense c. providing general guidelines for making ethical decisions d. allowing a great deal of latitude in the ethical decision making process34. Privileged communication and confidentiality are a. synonymous b. both legal terms c. both ethical terms d. Confidentiality is an ethical term; Privileged communication is a legal term35. In choosing a consultation model, the consultant should a. pick one model and use it consistently b. use the behavioral model with male consultees c. adopt an theoretical stance to avoid problems of application d. consider adapting the model-of-choice to the salient consultation variables36. In consulting with a teacher about disciplinary problems in the teacher's classroom; a high school counselor demonstrates keen interest in the teacher's concerns by listening and empathizing with her. The counselor is assuming the role of a. a supervisor b. an evaluator c. a collaborator d. a helper37. Discuss how a professional school counselor could consult with a classroom teacher to meet the College and Career Ready Standards. Include the correlated ASCA or KSCA standard and the College and Career Ready Standard that would have meaning to the classroom teacher. According to ASCA college and career ready standards are in place to allow each student the opportunity to strengths and areas that need improvement at an early point so that post-secondary goals can be achieved. When consulting with classroom teachers about college and career ready standards I would first help educate the teacher on the standards and explain their importance for allowing all students to have an equal opportunity. I would correlate specific standards with lessons that addressed those standards. Educating the teacher and administrators on the importance of these standards is the important in communicating the need to the students and having a way into the classroom. 38. Discuss: In response to intervention models, intervention results are shared with a school support team. How does this change confidentiality in consultation? Cite references to support your response. 57When interventions are used in the school setting they need to be chosen to best fit the student, be least intrusive, least restrictive, ethical and most effective. (57, Brown). If used properly interventions will help the student be productive and have a better learning experience in the classroom setting. Confidentiality is an important and legal right that all students are initialed to. In situations regarding the use of interventions and third parties needing to be involved I think that it is important to keep in mind only to share what is need to know information with specific individuals. Communication with the child is also important, allowing the child to have a voice and be aware of who knows what. Keeping confidential information to privileged individuals will help to ensure that confidentiality stays in tacked and the intervention is used correctly with the right intent. 39. Discuss the underlying assumptions of parent consultation. 206Parent consultation is designed to help educate and provide resources to parents that will enhance their parenting skills. (204, Brown). The book presents parent consultation as an electric model which includes items from social learning theory, Mental Health consultation, Systems theory, and Multicultural literature. Each theory presents 4 underlying assumptions, Social learning theory suggests that most behavior is imitated form models, Cognition mediates the process of behavior, self-efficacy can best be highlighted by performance accomplishments, and standards of parental functioning are a result of direct observation. Mental Health suggests, consultee problems can be classified as lack of knowledge, skill, confidence and objectivity; and that those problems are all interrelated. Systems theory says, Values gained from the nuclear family guide the parenting process, families interact as a system, blame should be avoided because cause and effect is hard to ascertain, and communication feeds the health of the family system. The 4 model multicultural literature suggests that; the consultee can play many roles across cultures so it is important to identify the correct consultee, the worldview of the consultee must be aligned with the consultation process, and changes will need to be made if the consultation process is to be successful. (206,207, Brown)40. Define three change strategies and present arguments for their relevance for consultants. When talking about change, I think it is important to first address the client and or consultees’ readiness for change. To address a person or groups readiness for change I would use the change questioner to gain perspective of where they are in the process of change. After addressing readiness for change I would have all parties involved take a conflict management style quiz. Having prior knowledge to how people react to conflict would help in the process if a conflict were to occur. I would also include the 40 developmental Assets to help narrow down what areas we need to focus on for change. In the school setting looking at different forms of data would be helpful to discuss what changes need to be made and can be a way to monitor change. Showing data to consultees can allow them to understand a need for change. Using any of these strategies can help when change is at hand.41. Discuss five community agencies that counselors might consult with for the purpose of enhancing a counseling program. How would these agencies fit in the ASCA national model? Discuss the impact of the Family Rights and Privacy Act working with agencies. What about other ethical and legal considerations?According to the text, five community agencies that counselors might consult to form a collaborative partnership to enhance counseling programs are; heath and dental care providers, social service agencies, law enforcement agencies, recreational departments , the YMCA/ YWCA and state and federal agencies. A collaborative partnership with any or all of these can enhance counseling programs by providing resources to families and helping to create a positive learning environment for students. These relationships with community agencies align with the ASCA national model by establishing relationships with the community that will benefit the children and families of children at the school though resources and providing knowledge of the community. Anytime that children and schools are involved legal and ethical considerations need to be accounted for. When establishing relationships with community agencies making sure that consent is given before releasing any information. Providing general information to parents and families can be a way to avoid confidentiality issues. (102,Brown) 42. Discuss Positive Behavior Supports. Provide specific examples. 57Positive Behavior Supports are in place to help reduce negative behaviors or behaviors that are reducing the students’ ability to put forth their best effort in the classroom. Examples of positive supports include; modeling, Positive self- talks, positive reinforcement and behavioral momentum. Modeling is where a quality of a person or fictional character is modeled after in order to teach a desired behavior. Self- talks are self directed positive thoughts that help to gain a desired behavior. Positive reinforcement are rewards that follow a particular behavior and Behavioral Momentum is addressing a desired behavior by focusing on other similar related behaviors. These supports can be used in a combination or separate to help establish positive behavior.(57, Brown) 43. What are the primary skills needed in the establishment of a consulting relationship?When establishing a consulting relationship primary skills that are needed are listening, reflecting, good communication skills, and knowledge of human functioning. The text refers to the consultation in different ways, an equal-power equal-value approach, and a expert- learner role. In any form of consultation making the client feel comfortable and welcome is important. Using good counseling skills and interpersonal skills to help establish a relationship would help to enhance the consultant and consultee relationship. (48,114 Brown)44. How do you believe positive psychology can impact consultation? Defend your response with theory and citations.According to Shawn Achors in a Ted Talk about positive psychology, a person’s perception of the world can have a heavy influence on their level of happiness. If people live in a world where they have an attitude of I’ll be happy when, then people will never be happy. Negative encounters stick out in peoples’ minds more than positive ones because of the way our brains are trained. By using positive psychology with in consultation a larger range of possible solutions could be found, as well as the clients perspective on the problem could be impacted by positive psychology. (Ted Talk) 45. Identify three consultee characteristics and how they might affect the consultation process. 157Three characteristics of the consultee that might affect the consultation process are the experience level, ethnic background and the personality of the consultee. Experience according to the text can determine a consultees’ likely hood to seek out consultation. A consultees ethnic background can affect the relationship established the quality of the consultation and affect the perspective of the consultee. Finally the personality of the consultee can affect the process by how the relationship is established and the individual qualities that are presented by the consultee. All of these characteristics can affect the consultation process in both negative and positive ways. 46. Discuss the sources of resistance to consultation. Identify strategies that can be used to overcome the resistance. 65Resistance to consultation often comes in a form of resistance to interventions used in the classroom. Resistance can be caused by lack of time, energy involved in the intervention process and by teachers’ beliefs that students should be behaving in a particular way anyways. Educating teachers on why this process is helpful and beneficial to the classroom atmosphere. Explaining the “perks” that come from putting forth effort can be helpful when addressing resistance. 47. Discuss: How would consultants decide which interventions to use once problems are identified? 57“ The task of consultants, consultees, and collaborators is to select the interventions that are least intrusive, least restrictive, ethical, and most effective”. Looking at the individual, problem, environment and the students IEP if one is present should all be considered when picking an intervention to use. In any consultation interaction the goal is to help the child at hand and make decisions that will be in their best interest. (57, Brown)48. Describe and give an example of each of the four types of consultation delineated by Caplan. 18In the text Caplan defines consultation in four models those are; Client-centered, Consultee-centered, program-centered administrative and consultee-centered administrative consultation. Client- Centered consultation the focus is on the client and providing the consultee with information that will help them deal with the client more effectively. Consultee-Centered consultation is set around the consultees management skills but with the client as the secondary goal. Consultee- centered consultation is focused on helping the consultee acquire more skills that will allow them to work effectively with others. Program-centered administrative consultation is based on improving the program and providing ideas and ways of enhancing a program. Finally Consultee-centered administrative consultation is focused on helping the consultee more effectively manage a program. (18, Brown)49. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and discuss how consultation can be used as an intervention in each area. 64The primary tier is educating students and other faculty members on behavioral expectations. These expectations can be dress code, disciplinary policies, and addressing behavior that could lead to misbehavior. This level is concerned with teaching based off basic behavioral principles. The Secondary Tier is based on creating a school wide intervention with faculty members incase students do not respond well to the primary tier. Tier two is requires intense labor by means of behavior assessments, positive reinforcement and routine reviews. Tertiary prevention involves being in or involving a specialist to design and implement behavioral interventions. The third level also requires work to be done by many people. In any case the use of interventions and the different levels of intervention are for the students’ best interest and allow them to do their best in school. ................
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