MS. MCKNIGHT



AP Human Geography Unit 3a: Language Guided Reading Mr. Stepek

Directions: This guided reading covers Chapter 5 (Rubenstein) and Chapter 6 (de Blij). Follow the page guidance in order to complete this organizer. The manner in which the material below is organized does not necessarily match the order that it is presented in the chapter.

Rubenstein p 134 – 137 (Introduction)

1. What is a language? _______________________________________________________________________________

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a. What term refers to a “system of written communication”? ____________________________________________

b. How are official languages used (also see de Blij p 194 – 195)? __________________________________________

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c. With what PROCESS (which we have already studied) is the spread of language closely related ? ______________

2. According to Ethnologue, how many languages are spoken in the world (round to the nearest thousand)? __________

a. What 11 languages (2011) are spoken by more than 100 mil. people? ____________________________________

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Rubenstein p 137 – 143 (Origin and Diffusion of English)

3. Through what process and to what areas did English diffuse? ______________________________________________

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4. Complete the timeline below to detail how English became the predominant language of the British Isles

|When? |Contributing group(s) |Impact on England/Dev. of English |

|2000 BC | |original language overtaken by Romans and later Germanic invasions in AD 450 |

| | |To where were they pushed? |

|A.D. 450 | | |

| | |Why did English diverge from other Germanic languages? |

|9th century | | |

|A.D. 1066 | |What was the official language? For how long? Who spoke it? |

| | |Who spoke English? |

| | |What did this result in? How is this reflected in the words we use? |

| | | |

5. (de Blij p 180) What criterion have linguists rejected to differentiate between a language and a dialect? ____________

___________________ Why is this a problem? _________________________________________________________

_______________________________________ What are some examples of this problem? _____________________

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6. What is a dialect (Rubenstein p. 139 – 141, de Blij 180 – 181)? ____________________________________________

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a. How do linguists view the distribution of dialects across space? Describe. _________________________________

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b. What do geographers call a word usage boundary? ___________________________________________________

7. What is considered the standard dialect of the English-speaking world? _____________________________________

a. With what group of people is this most associated? ___________________________________________________

b. What caused the differences in American and British English? ___________________________________________

c. In what three ways do American and British English differ? _____________________________________________

8. What are the three original Eastern dialects spoken in the American colonies? ________________________________

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a. Which of these contained the most geographic and ethnic diversity? _____________________________________

b. Which of these three became the standard pronunciation throughout the American West? ___________________

9. Indo-European Branches (from reading Rubenstein p 143 – 148 AND using the language tree on p 154 - 155)

|Language Family |Language Branch |Language Group |Languages |

| |(de Blij = “subfamilies”) | | |

|when did they separate? | |

| | | | |

|Indo-European |Indo-Iranian |Indic (Eastern) | | |

| | |“Indo-Aryan” (list the 5 Indo-Aryan | | |

| | |lang. spoken by > 50 million) (see 154 –| | |

| | |155) | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| |Germanic |Using figure 6.2 (de Blij)|West Germanic | | |

| | |color code the map of | | | |

| | |Europe (next page) showing| | | |

| | |the distribution of | | | |

| | |language branches within | | | |

| | |Europe (also include the | | | |

| | |location of these | | | |

| | |exceptions to Indo-European| | | |

| | |dominance in Europe : the | | | |

| | |Uralic and Altaic/Turkic | | | |

| | |families and the “Other | | | |

| | |Languages” (Basque) . | | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | |North Germanic | | |

| | | | | | |

| |Balto-Slavic | |Baltic (p 221 top paragraph) | | |

| | | |East Slavic | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | |West Slavic | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | |South Slavic |Serbo-Croatian | |

| |Romance | |Evolved from what ancient language? | | |

| | | |_____________ | | |

| | | |What dialect in particular? | | |

| | | |______________________ | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | |Brythonic | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | |

|Proposed by | | |

|Hearth | | |

|Dates of migration | | |

|Path of migration | | |

|Result of migration | | |

|How it became the dominant | | |

|language? (de Blij p 187 – 188) | | |

| | |(lecture) We will discuss how this relates to the dispersal |

| | |theory (de Blij p 187). |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

Rubenstein p 156 – 164 (Key Issue 4: Why do People Preserve Local Languages?)

10. What is an extinct language? _______________________________________________________________________

a. How many languages today are considered to be nearly extinct? _______________________________________

b. Why is Hebrew an exception to a typical extinct language? ____________________________________________

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c. Describe some of the methods that have been used to preserve endangered languages (read the section on the Celtic languages and list some of the methods being used). ___________________________________________

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11. What is a monolingual state (de Blij p 194)? List some examples __________________________________________

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12. What are multilingual states? ______________________________________________________________________

13. Provide details on Multilingual states in Western Europe

|Countries |Belgium |Switzerland |

|Languages/regions | | |

|Future? (read de Blij p 172 – | | |

|176 for more on Belgium) | | |

| | | |

| | | |

14. What is an isolated language? _____________________________________________________________________

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a. What language spoken in SW Europe would be considered an isolated language? _________________________

15. What is lingua franca (use de Blij p 193)? _____________________________________________________________

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16. What is a global language? ________________________________________________________________________

_____________________ What language serves as the closest thing to a global language today? _______________

a. In what areas is English used as a way of cross-cultural communication? _________________________________

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17. Distribution of Other Language Families (Use pages 151 – 156 including the “tree” chart on 154 – 155).

|Language Family |Where found? |% world |Major languages w/in family |Other facts |

| |(based on map on page |pop. |(use figure 5-17 and the Rubenstein p. |(Answer or provide detail according to Rubenstein p 151 – |

| |153 and text describe |p 152 |151 - 156) |156) |

| |distribution) | |I have incl. some that may be | |

| | | |historically significant | |

|Indo-European (done for |Europe, South Asia, |46% |spoken > 140m |Hindi |

|you) |Americas, former | | | |

| |colonies in Asia and | | | |

| |Africa | | | |

|Afro-Asiatic | | |? |Hausa (in Nigeria) |Why are so many non-Arabic speakers familiar with Arabic? |

| | | |Berber |Hebrew | |

| | | | | |What book is in Hebrew? |

|Austronesian | | |Incl > 20 mil. | |What is odd about this family’s distrib.? |

| | | | | | |

|Niger-Congo | | |Incl > 10 mil. | |What % of sub-Saharan Africans? |

| | | | | |What role does Swahili play (see pg. 162)? |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | |What vocabulary term describes this? |

| | | | | | |

|Dravidian | | |Incl. > 50 million people |Orig. to Indus Valley Civ. pushed S. by Aryans |

| | | | |(Indo-Europeans). Substrate = influences/lends many words |

| | | | |to Indo-Euro spoken in N. India |

| | | | | | |

|Altaic | | | |Central Asian languages suffered under what process we |

| | | | |previously learned about? |

| | | |Central Asia Languages (Kazakh, Uzbek, | |

| | | |etc.) | |

|Japanese | | | |What culture has influenced both? |

| | | | |What family might Korean be related to |

|Korean | | | | |

|Austro-Asiatic | | | |Uses Roman alphabet brought by Catholic missionaries in 17th|

| | | | |century (book error) |

|Uralic | |Comb. # is| | |Magyar = Hungarian. What mountain range was hearth? |

| | |less than | | | |

| | |5% of | | | |

| | |global | | | |

| | |pop. | | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | |Estonian | |

|Khoisan | | | | |

|Caucasian | | |Georgian |Chechen |Mountains cause linguistic fragmentation |

|Tai-Kadai | | |Thai |Lao | |

|Other | | |Examples: |

18. Use the powerpoint called “Language Families” to color code the map on the following page. PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE, DO NOT use the maps in the textbooks or online, they are overly complicated. You need to know about the distribution of language families at the level of specificity of the powerpoint. Don’t confuse yourself. Add any NEW details from the powerpoint to the graphic organizer on the previous page.

Rubenstein p 162 – 164 (Global dominance of English)

19. Why do some governments and students believe learning English is important? _____________________________

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a. As evidence for above, What percentage of students in the EU learn English in middle or high school? _________

20. How has the diffusion of English changed in recent years since the end of the British Empire? __________________

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21. What is Ebonics? ________________________________________________________________________________

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a. Why is Ebonics considered controversial? Against: __________________________________________________

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For: __________________________________________________________________________________________

b. What other dialect has similar arguments being made for and against its use? ____________________________

22. What are three “pidgin” languages being created thru mixing with English? _________________________________

a. Which has received the most official resistance? Why? _______________________________________________

b. Which is especially widespread in popular culture? __________________________________________________

de Blij p 197 – 200 (What Role Does Language Play in Making Places?)

23. List the ten different types of toponymns? ___________________________________________________________

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24. Complete the following chart detailing four common reasons why toponyms change.

|Reason |Explanation (What is the goal of this toponym change?) |Examples |

|Post-Colonial | | |

|Post-Revolution | | |

|Memorial | | |

|Commodification | | |

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