Convective vortex and dust devil predictions in Gale ...
Convective vortex and dust devil predictions in Gale Crater using a thermodynamic theory, and comparison with observations
Claire E. Newman1, Mark I. Richardson1, Mark Lemmon2 and Henrik Kahanp??3 1Aeolis Research, Pasadena, CA, USA 2Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO, USA 3Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Background and motivation
Dust devils imaged by Navcam in Gale Crater, sol 1597
Renn? et al. theory of dust devil activity
? Atmospheric dust is the main driver of variability in Martian weather/climate
? Dust devils (dust-filled vortices) are likely a primary mechanism for raising dust into Mars' atmosphere outside of major dust storms
? Understanding the spatio-temporal variation of vortices and the amount of dust lifted may be key to predicting Mars weather and climate
? Dust devils are also important for cleaning dust off solar panels, sensor optics, and other surfaces on landed missions
? Rovers/landers and orbiters have been imaging Mars dust devils and tracks since the 1970s
? Rover/lander meteorological sensors have also been used to measure rapid pressure drops and other changes associated with passing vortices
? Curiosity has used its cameras and the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) to monitor dust devils and vortices since 2012
NASA/JPL-Caltech/TAMU
REMS pressure drops associated with vortex passage
From Kahanp?? et al., JGR, 2016
? Renn? et al. [1998] proposed a thermodynamic theory for convective vortices and dust devils
? It defines a `dust devil activity,' DDA max(0, Fs) where Fs is surface sensible heat flux (heat input to the vortex base) and is the vertical thermodynamic efficiency (the fraction of this heat turned into work)
? 1-b
where
(%&'()*%+',(-) ) (%& *%+,- )(/01)%&'
and
where
ps
is
the ambient surface pressure, ptop is the ambient pressure at
the top of the convective boundary layer, and R'/cp
? => (and hence DDA) increases with the depth of the
planetary boundary layer (PBL)
? 5 = 7(5 - @A=) where Cd is a drag coefficient
that depends on the stability of the near-surface atmosphere, is air density, is drag velocity, and Tsurf and Tair are the surface and lowest layer air temperatures, respectively
? This lets macroscale meteorological fields (e.g. from models) be used to predict DDA, e.g. as a proxy for dust devil lifting in dust cycle modeling [e.g. Newman et al., JGR, 2002a,b]
Predicted DDA across Gale Crater as a function of time of day in local summer
Predicted DDA and components as a fn. of LTST & season at MSL's location
Local spring equinox Summer solstice
Fall equinox
Winter solstice
Ls=135-225?
Ls=225-315?
Ls=315-45?
Ls=45-135?
Predicting DDA using MarsWRF output
? 5 increasingly (3-fold per domain) high-resolution domains are `nested' inside a global 2 simulation
? Domain 6 MarsWRF output is used to predict DDA
Domain 3
Domain 2 Domain 1 (global) topography
Domain 3 Domain 4
Domain 5
Domain 5 Domain 6
Noon DDA, Fs and at 4 times of year
DDA
FS
Local fall equinox Ls=0?
MSL year 1
Winter solstice Ls=90?
MSL year 3 MSL year 2
What causes the predicted spatial variation in FS?
? Lower thermal inertia => higher daytime Tsurf - Tair ? Daytime wind speeds increase on the slopes of Aeolis Mons
? These produce an increase in sensible heat flux along the rover path
Gale Crater topography
Rover traverse over a digital elevation map
Ls=135-225? Ls=225-315? Ls=315-45? Ls=45-135?
MSL year 3
Local true solar time (hour)
Local spring equinox Ls=180?
Dust devil activity, DDA
Sensible heat flux, Fs Tsurf - Tair Drag velocity, u*
Air density, Vert. thermodyn. efficiency,
Summer solstice Ls=270?
Local true solar time (hour)
Local true solar time (hour)
Local true solar time (hour)
PPBLtop - Psurf
? Maximum DDA is predicted around summer solstice, minimum DDA around winter solstice
? Peak DDA is predicted ~12-3pm around summer solstice and ~12-2pm around winter solstice ? A double peak in DDA is predicted around spring/fall equinox (maxima at ~11am and 2pm),
due to a double peak / big early peak in sensible heat flux and large late peak in PBL depth ? Tsurf-Tair peaks earlier around fall and (more so) spring equinox than summer/winter solstice ? u* has a strong double peak around spring equinox, while it peaks at ~11am around fall ? For all seasons and LTST, DDA is predicted to increase from year to year, mostly due to FS
? The rover traverse is contained inside the yellow box ? Predicted DDA in all seasons is larger as we look
higher on the slopes of Aeolis Mons within that box ? However, (varies as ~PBL depth) is not predicted
to increase over the slopes in most seasons, and is smaller over Aeolis Mons at summer solstice
Predicted DDA vs. inferred # of observed vortex pressure drops per hr
? => The predicted increase is mostly due to spatial variations in sensible heat flux, FS
Local spring equinox
MarsWRF DDA
Summer solstice
Fall equinox
Winter solstice
0.5 to 0.8 Pa REMS
0.8 to 1.4 Pa
1.4 to 2.6 Pa
pressure
2.6 to 5.5 Pa drops
? Predicted DDA captures the main seasonal, LTST, and year-to-year variation in observed vortex pressure drops
? However, MSL did not see the double peak predicted around spring equinox, whereas one is suggested (but
MSL year 1
not predicted) around summer solstice ? Also, far fewer pressure drops are observed than
predicted over much of year 1 and around winter
solstice of year 2; could this be due to errors in (or low
resolution of) the thermal inertia map used in domain 6?
MSL year 2
MSL year 3
Summary and conclusions
? Renn? et al.'s `dust devil activity' predicted using output from modeling of the near-surface atmosphere captures most of the seasonal, LTST, and year-to-year variation in vortex pressure drops observed by MSL
? Spatial (hence year-to-year) variations are predicted to be mainly due to sensible heat flux variations, which are due primarily to variations in thermal inertia and u*
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