Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale

Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale

User's Guide

Bruce F. Chorpita Chad Ebesutani

Susan H. Spence

July 1, 2015 ALL MATERIALS AVAILABLE ON THE UCLA CHILD FIRST SITE

childfirst.ucla.edu

1

Table of Contents

Background

3

Terms of Use

3

Support

3

Scoring

3

Languages and Versions

4

Summary

5

References

5

Appendix A: RCADS T-Score Conversion Tables

Boy & Girls Grades 3&4

7

Boy & Girls Grades 5&6

8

Boy & Girls Grades 7&8

9

Boy & Girls Grades 9&10

10

Boy & Girls Grades 11&12

11

Appendix B: RCADS-P T-Score Conversion Tables

Boy & Girls Grades 3&4

12

Boy & Girls Grades 5&6

13

Boy & Girls Grades 7&8

14

Boy & Girls Grades 9&10

15

Boy & Girls Grades 11&12

16

Appendix C: RCADS T-Score Conversion Tables (Total Scores)

Boy & Girls Grades 3-6

17

Boy & Girls Grades 7-10

20

Boy & Girls Grades 11-12

23

Appendix D: RCADS-P T-Score Conversion Tables (Total Scores)

Boy & Girls Grades 3-6

26

Boy & Girls Grades 7-10

29

Boy & Girls Grades 11-12

32

Background

The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) is a 47-item, youth self-report questionnaire with subscales including: separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). It also yields a Total Anxiety Scale (sum of the 5 anxiety subscales) and a Total Internalizing Scale (sum of all 6 subscales). Items are rated on a 4-point Likert-scale from 0 ("never") to 3 ("always"). Additionally, The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale ? Parent Version (RCADS-P) similarly assesses parent report of youth's symptoms of anxiety and depression across the same six subscales. The RCADS and its related scales were developed using many of the items on the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (1997), along with items representing DSM Major Depression symptoms and new items related to general anxiety and negative affect.

Terms of Use

The RCADS and its derivative works (inclusive of translations) are copyrighted by Chorpita and Spence. They are available for use through Dr. Chorpita's UCLA resource page at no cost (childfirst.ucla.edu/resources.html). Any use of these instruments implies that the user has read and agreed to the terms of use. These instruments are available for educational purposes, and their professional use for any particular case is the responsibility of the user, at the user's own risk. The developers and UCLA are also not responsible for any third party use of these instruments by individuals who have not read this guide and its terms of use. The instrument may be used for research purposes, but as a professional courtesy, please notify Dr. Chorpita by email before undertaking your study. This is also a good way to ensure you are not duplicating another researcher's efforts or ideas. Use of the RCADS or its derivatives in published research should include acknowledgement of the development of the RCADS using appropriate scholarly citations, including the item development contributed by Spence (1997) and extensions by Chorpita et al., (2000).

Adaptations, Translations, and Derivative Works

Adaptations and derivatives are not authorized without written permission from Chorpita and Spence. Regarding any adaptations, the instrument may not be altered to remove the copyright or other text in the margins regarding the source and terms.

Translations are allowed with permission which is typically granted when (a) they use current "best practice" instrument translation procedures, (b) the translating research team agrees to provide a copy of the final translated instrument (in both word and PDF formats) for non-commercial distribution on the UCLA web site, and (c) the translating team acknowledges that Chorpita and Spence will retain the copyright to any translated works. Any commercial use or resale of this instrument or its current and future derivative works is strictly prohibited. The RCADS and its family of measures is intended to be free for any interested user.

Support

Because there is no charge for any of these instruments, all support is provided on a voluntary basis by its developers and others in the research community. For questions that cannot be answered in this user's guide, you may send an email to chorpita@ucla.edu, ebesutani@ucla.edu, or s.spence@griffith.edu.au. Please be patient with us as the RCADS instruments are used by tens of thousands of parties, and we have no dedicated funding for the purpose of helping users with scoring or other issues. We do update materials on the website as time allows, so please check the website regularly for the latest releases.

3

Scoring

The RCADS and RCADS-P can be scored either manually or by using an automated scoring procedure.

Manual Scoring. To score the RCADS manually, each item is assigned a numerical value from 0-3, where 0 = Never, 1 = Sometimes, 2 = Often, and 3 = Always. For each subscale add the numerical values for each item together. The items that comprise each subscale are listed below. For example, for Generalized Anxiety you would add the numerical values for items 1, 13, 22, 27, 35, and 37. Thus, the highest score possible is 18, the lowest 0.

Missing data for raw scores can be handled by prorating the remaining items within a scale. It is recommended that scales with more than 2 missing items are not scored. Likewise, the total anxiety score can have up to 10 missing items, but only if each subscale has no more than 2 missing; and the total anxiety and depression score can have up to 12 missing items, but only if each subscale has no more than 2 missing items. To estimate the scale score, take the sum of the completed items within that scale and divide that by the number of items completed, then multiple by the total number of items in that scale, and then round the result. For example, if one item is missing from the separation anxiety scale (which has seven items), and the 6 completed items sum to 4, you would divide 4 by 6 (0.67), and then multiply by 7, which would yield 4.67, which then rounds to 5. Thus, you would count the score as a 5 not a 4 because of the prorating.

Disorder/Syndrome Social Phobia Panic Disorder Major Depression Separation Anxiety Generalized Anxiety Obsessive-Compulsive

Related Items 4, 7, 8, 12, 20, 30, 32, 38, 43 3, 14, 24, 26, 28, 34, 36, 39, 41 2, 6, 11, 15, 19, 21, 25, 29, 40, 47 5, 9, 17, 18, 33, 45, 46 1, 13, 22, 27, 35, 37 10,16, 23, 31, 42, 44

Using the raw score for each subscale, look up the corresponding T-score from the appropriate grade level chart in the Appendices. For example, if the raw score for a girl in 5th grade on the SP (Social Phobia) subscale was 12, the T-score would be 48 (see Appendix A, p.6).

Automated Scoring. Scoring programs for youth and parent versions are available at childfirst.ucla.edu/resources.html for scoring the RCADS and calculating T scores. Begin by entering youth's gender and grade level on top right hand corner. Note: only grade level should be entered (not youth age). Continue by entering scores (0-3) for all 47 items. Raw scores by subscale will be generated and data points plotted along the corresponding figure. The figure shows a dashed line at T = 65. T scores of 65 or higher will show in a yellow background, indicating scores at the borderline clinical threshold. T score of 70 or higher will show in an orange background, indicating scores above the clinical threshold.

Missing data are automatically handled in the automated scoring programs, as described above. Also, T scores above 80 are displayed simply as ">80," given that there are only minor differences in percentile rankings above these scores, and discriminations among such elevated T scores are not clinically meaningful. If you wish to determine the exact T score (e.g., for research purposes), either use the manual scoring procedure or use batch scoring (see below).

4

Batch scoring (scoring an entire file of RCADS scores for multiple cases) can also be performed by using syntax for commonly used statistical packages, such as SPSS. An example of SPSS syntax is available on childfirst.ucla.edu.

Languages and Versions

The RCADS is currently available in English (US), Spanish (US), Spanish (Spain), Chinese, Danish, Dutch, French, and Korean. Polish, Farsi, and Urdu versions are in development.

The RCADS-P is available in English (US), Spanish (US), Danish, Dutch, and Korean. Currently, norms and scoring programs for both the RCADS and RCADS-P are based on English versions. Use of norms and interpretation of T-scores should be done cautiously with non-English versions, as research is still underway on these instruments. Users are encouraged to check the UCLA Child First Site (childfirst.ucla.edu) for updates on additional scoring programs, and updates to norms will continue to be posted as new research emerges.

A brief version of the instrument is available as well (RCADS-25). The RCADS-25 only yields three scores: Total Anxiety, Total Depression, and Total Anxiety and Depression. An automated scoring program is available for the RCADS-25 (childfirst.ucla.edu/resources.html).

Summary of Scale Development

In a school-based sample of 1,641 children and adolescents, Chorpita and colleagues (2000) reported a factor structure consistent with DSM-IV anxiety disorders and depression, and favorable internal consistency. Similarly, the RCADS-Parent version (RCADS-P) shows high internal consistency and convergent validity, and has been shown to accurately assess anxiety and depression symptoms both clinical and school-based youth (Ebesutani et al. 2010, Ebesutani et al., 2011). Further evidence for the RCADS has been demonstrated in other samples, including clinical samples and Australian youth (e.g., Chorpita, Moffitt, and Gray, 2005; de Ross, Gullone, and Chorpita, 2002). The RCADS' ability to help inform diagnoses, track clinical change, and further delineate between anxiety and depression disorders shows its strong utility in both clinical and research contexts (e.g., Chorpita et al. 2000; Chorpita et al. 2005). Over the past 10 years, there have been multiple additional studies and translations of the RCADS. Users are encouraged to review the partial listing of studies in the reference section below.

References

Bouvard, M. & Denis, A. (2012). Reliability of the test-retest of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) and the assessment grid of the revised version of the Scale for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-R). Encephale-Revue de Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique, 38, 524-525.

Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L. M., Moffitt, C. E., Umemoto L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: A Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 835-855.

Chorpita, B. F., Moffitt, C. E., Gray, J. A. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 309-322.

Chorpita, B. F., & Nakamura, B. J. (2008). Dynamic structure in diagnostic structured interviewing: A comparative test of accuracy and efficiency. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 30, 52-60.

de Ross, R. L., Gullone, E., & Chorpita, B. F. (2002). The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale: A psychometric investigation with Australian youth. Behaviour Change, 19, 90-101.

5

Ebesutani, C., Bernstein, A., Nakamura, B., Chorpita, B. F., & Weisz, J. (2010). A psychometric analysis of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale - Parent Version in a clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 249-260.

Ebesutani, C., Chorpita, B. F., Higa-McMillan, C., Nakamura, B., Regan, J., & Lynch, R. E. (2011). A psychometric evaluation of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale ? Parent Version in a school sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.

Ebesutani, C., Reise, S., Chorpita, B. F., Ale, C., Regan, J., Young, J., Higa-McMillan, C., & Weisz, J. (2012). The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale - Short Version: Scale reduction via exploratory bifactor modeling of the broad anxiety factor. Psychological Assessment, 24, 833-845.

Mathyssek, C. M., Olino, T. M., Hartman, C. A., Verhulst, F. C., & Van Oort, F. V. (2013). Does the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) measure anxiety symptoms consistently across adolescence? The TRAILS study. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 22, 27-35.

Mehmood, T., & Sarwat, S. (2014). Translation and adaptation of Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2, 95-106.

Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T., King, N., & Bogie, N. (2002). Three traditional and three new childhoodanxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 685?692.

Muris, P., Dreesen, L., Bogels, S., Weckx, M., & van Melick, M. (2004). A questionnaire for screening a broad range of DSM defined anxiety disorder symptoms in clinically referred children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45,813?820.

6

Appendix A: Child RCADS T-Score Conversions for Subscales (47 item version)

Boys 3rd & 4th

Girls 3rd & 4th

RAW MDD GAD OCD PD SAD SP MDD GAD OCD PD SAD SP RAW

0 30 29 31 37 38 28 32 29 29 36 34 27 0

1 32 32 34 40 40 31 34 32 32 38 36 29 1

2 35 35 37 42 43 33 36 35 35 40 38 31 2

3 37 38 40 45 45 35 38 37 37 43 41 33 3

4 40 41 43 47 48 37 40 40 40 45 43 35 4

5 42 44 46 49 50 39 42 43 43 47 45 37 5

6 44 47 50 52 53 42 44 45 46 49 48 39 6

7 47 50 53 54 55 44 46 48 48 51 50 41 7

8 49 53 56 57 58 46 48 51 51 53 52 43 8

9 52 56 59 59 61 48 51 53 54 55 55 45 9

10 54 59 62 61 63 51 53 56 56 57 57 47 10

11 57 62 65 64 66 53 55 59 59 59 59 49 11

12 59 65 68 66 68 55 57 61 62 62 61 51 12

13 62 68 71 69 71 57 59 64 65 64 64 53 13

14 64 71 75 71 73 59 61 67 67 66 66 55 14

15 67 74 78 73 76 62 63 69 70 68 68 57 15

16 69 77 81 76 78 64 65 72 73 70 71 59 16

17 71 80 84 78 81 66 67 74 75 72 73 61 17

18 74 83 87 81 83 68 69 77 78 74 75 63 18

19 76

83 86 70 72

76 78 65 19

20 79

86 88 73 74

79 80 67 20

21 81

88 91 75 76

81 82 69 21

22 84

90

77 78

83

71 22

23 86

93

79 80

85

73 23

24 89

95

82 82

87

75 24

25 91

98

84 84

89

77 25

26 93

100

86 86

91

79 26

27 96

102

88 88

93

81 27

28 98

91

28

29 101

93

29

30 103

95

30

7

Appendix A: Child RCADS T-Score Conversions for Subscales (47 item version)

Boys 5th & 6th

Girls 5th & 6th

RAW MDD GAD OCD PD SAD SP MDD GAD OCD PD SAD SP RAW

0 31 29 32 39 40 28 31 28 32 38 37 25 0

1 33 33 35 42 43 30 34 31 34 40 40 27 1

2 36 36 38 44 46 33 36 34 37 42 43 29 2

3 39 39 41 47 49 35 39 36 40 45 45 31 3

4 42 42 44 50 53 37 41 39 43 47 48 33 4

5 44 45 47 53 56 39 44 42 46 49 51 35 5

6 47 49 50 55 59 41 46 45 49 52 53 37 6

7 50 52 53 58 62 43 48 47 52 54 56 39 7

8 53 55 56 61 66 45 51 50 55 56 59 41 8

9 55 58 59 64 69 47 53 53 58 59 61 42 9

10 58 61 62 67 72 49 56 55 60 61 64 44 10

11 61 65 65 69 76 51 58 58 63 63 67 46 11

12 64 68 68 72 79 54 61 61 66 66 69 48 12

13 66 71 71 75 82 56 63 64 69 68 72 50 13

14 69 74 75 78 85 58 66 66 72 70 74 52 14

15 72 77 78 80 89 60 68 69 75 73 77 54 15

16 75 81 81 83 92 62 70 72 78 75 80 56 16

17 77 84 84 86 95 64 73 74 81 77 82 58 17

18 80 87 87 89 99 66 75 77 84 80 85 60 18

19 83

92 102 68 78

82 88 62 19

20 86

94 105 70 80

84 90 64 20

21 88

97 108 73 83

87 93 66 21

22 91

100

75 85

89

67 22

23 94

103

77 87

91

69 23

24 97

105

79 90

94

71 24

25 99

108

81 92

96

73 25

26 102

111

83 95

98

75 26

27 105

114

85 97

101

77 27

28 108

100

28

29 110

102

29

30 113

105

30

8

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download