CHAPTER 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood



CHAPTER 6: SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

a. initiative versus guilt.

b. autonomy versus shame and doubt.

c. industry versus inferiority.

d. trust versus mistrust.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 170

2. According to Erik Erikson, the “great governor” of initiative is:

a. conscience.

b. independence.

c. fear.

d. obedience.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 170

3. In Erikson’s portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop _____, which is the representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions.

a. self-control

b. self-confidence

c. self-understanding

d. self-centeredness

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 170

4. Four-year-old Harlan says “I’m always happy!” Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, have self-descriptions that are typically:

a. reflective of reality.

b. reflective of what others think about them.

c. abstract and magical.

d. unrealistically positive.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 171

5. Hans feels ashamed when his parents say “You should feel bad about biting your sister!” To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

a. social

b. self-conscious

c. penitent

d. sympathetic

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 172

6. _____ emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears around 18 months of age.

a. Self-conscious

b. Social

c. Penitent

d. Sympathetic

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 172

7. _____ especially plays a key role in children’s ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.

a. Moral integrity

b. Emotion regulation

c. Moral development

d. Independence

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 173

8. When Brianna is upset her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna’s mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.

a. emotion-dismissing

b. emotion-criticizing parent.

c. emotion-coaching

d. emotion-encouraging

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 173

9. _____ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

a. Emotion-dismissing

b. Emotion-facilitator

c. Emotion-coaching

d. Emotion-encouraging

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 173

10. The children of _____ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, more effective in regulating their negative effect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.

a. emotion-coaching

b. emotion-facilitator

c. emotion-encouraging

d. emotion-independent

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 173

11. Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an “emotion-dismissing” parent to her son. Which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer MOST likely to engage in?

a. She praises her son when he performs a task well.

b. She ignores her child when he cries.

c. She engages in more scaffolding with her son.

d. She acknowledges her child’s emotions.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 173

12. Barbara monitors her children’s emotions, views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assists her children in labeling their emotions. She is an:

a. emotion-facilitator parent.

b. emotion-supportive parent.

c. emotion-coaching parent.

d. emotion-encouraging parent.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 173

13. Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an:

a. emotion-coaching parent.

b. emotion-criticizing parent.

c. emotion-dismissing parent.

d. emotion-blind parent.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 173

14. _____ development involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

a. Conventional

b. Superego

c. Moral

d. Pragmatic

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

15. According to Freud, the moral element of the personality is called the _____.

a. id

b. superid

c. ego

d. superego

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

16. Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by _____ theory.

a. Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive

b. Piaget’s cognitive development

c. Erikson’s psychosocial

d. Freud’s psychoanalytic

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 174

17. According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form the:

a. alter ego.

b. ego.

c. superego.

d. id.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

18. _____ is responding to another person’s feelings with an emotion that echoes the other’s feelings.

a. Guilt

b. Empathy

c. Correspondence

d. Modeling

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

19. When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting:

a. guilt.

b. empathy.

c. correspondence.

d. lack of perspective-taking.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 174

20. The ability to discern another’s inner psychological state is known as:

a. correspondence.

b. congruence.

c. perspective taking.

d. nurturance.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 174

21. Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development?

a. Autonomous morality

b. Initiative versus guilt

c. Heteronomous morality

d. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

22. From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

a. 1 to 3

b. 4 to 7

c. 10 to 12

d. 2 to 4

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

23. According to Piaget’s theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality.

a. 7 to 10

b. 4 to 7

c. 10 to 12

d. 1 to 4

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

24. From about _____, children show autonomous morality.

a. 5 to 8 years of age

b. 4 to 7 years of age

c. 10 years of age and older

d. 5 years of age and older

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

25. Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make “breakfast in bed” for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother’s favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he’s going to get into “big trouble.” Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

a. Jerome—autonomous morality; Hani—heteronomous morality

b. Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality

c. Jerome—universal law morality; Hani—context-specific morality

d. Jerome—context-specific morality; Hani—universal law morality

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 174

26. Dante is a 10-year-old who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

a. Autonomous morality

b. Heteronomous morality

c. Basic morality

d. Extended morality

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 174-175

27. Because young children are _____, they judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor.

a. autonomous thinkers

b. heteronomous moralists

c. egocentric

d. moral autonomists

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 175

28. Julie believes that Jason’s accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n) _____.

a. moral autonomist

b. gender-typed individual

c. empathic thinker

d. heteronomous moralist

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 175

29. Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, “You can’t do that! You can’t change rules!” Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

a. Autonomous morality

b. Heteronomous morality

c. Peer-negotiated morality

d. Immanent justice morality

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 175

30. As children develop into moral autonomists:

a. consequences become more important than intentions.

b. they think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.

c. they start recognizing the principle of immanent justice.

d. intentions become more important than consequences.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 175

31. Older children, who are _____, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable.

a. moral autonomists

b. empathic thinkers

c. gender-typed

d. heteronomous thinkers

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 175

32. Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. This indicates a belief in the concept of:

a. immanent justice.

b. swift justice.

c. concrete justice.

d. authoritative justice.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 175

33. Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through: a. authoritative parent-child relations.

b. religious and social conditioning.

c. the children’s family experiences.

d. the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 175

34. According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because:

a. parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.

b. peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.

c. parents take an authoritative approach to handing down the rules.

d. peer groups immediately mete out punishments for rule breaking.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 175

35. Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

a. Freud’s psychoanalytic approach

b. The evolutionary psychology approach

c. The behavioral and social cognitive approach

d. The biological approach

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 175

36. Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?

a. Moral behavior is always influenced by the situation.

b. Self-control is evidenced by the child’s ability to delay gratification.

c. Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.

d. Cognitive factors are important in the development of self-control.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 175

37. Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the “Community Table,” a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, ages 9 and 11, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini’s children:

a. are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.

b. are not likely to be impacted by this as their moral behavior is modeled on peers, not parents.

c. will not benefit from these experiences until they are teens.

d. will fail to model their behavior to their mother’s unless they see some reward in it.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 175-176

38. Gender _____ involves a sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

a. role

b. typing

c. identity

d. experience

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 176

39. Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender:

a. roles.

b. identities.

c. expectancies.

d. rules.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 176

40. Most children know whether they are physically a girl or boy by about _____ years of age.

a. 1

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 176

41. The social role theory suggests that:

a. the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.

b. the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.

c. social roles are chosen, not determined.

d. nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call “gender.”

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 176

42. According to the UNICEF (2012), in most cultures around the world:

a. women have less power than men but are given a higher social status.

b. women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources.

c. men have less power and status than women, but control most of the resources.

d. men have less power than women, but are given a higher social status.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 176

43. This theory of gender stems from the view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

a. Psychoanalytic theory of gender

b. Social cognitive theory of gender

c. Evolutionary psychology view of gender

d. Social role theory of gender

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 176

44. The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. evolutionary psychology view.

b. social role theory.

c. psychoanalytic theory.

d. social cognitive theory.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 176-177

45. According to Freud, at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he/she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings?

a. 3 or 4 years of age

b. 9 or 10 years of age

c. 5 or 6 years of age

d. 11 or 12 years of age

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 176-177

46. The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

a. Galatea effect

b. Electra complex

c. Golem effect

d. Oedipus complex

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 176-177

47. According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the _____.

a. Oedipus complex

b. Electra complex

c. Pygmalion effect

d. Golem effect

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 176-177

48. Karen is often praised for gender typical behavior. Her parents make statements like “Karen you are such a good girl when you play with your doll!” Gender researchers would use this as support for what theory of gender development?

a. Psychoanalytic theory

b. Social cognitive theory

c. Evolutionary psychology

d. Social role theory

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 177

49. Which of the following statements is true about parental influences on children’s gender development?

a. In many cultures, mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters.

b. Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in playful interactions with their children.

c. Mothers, rather than fathers, are psychologically important to their children’s gender development.

d. Fathers show more attention to sons than to daughters.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 177

50. Who among the following is MOST likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?

a. A little girl in boy’s clothing

b. A little boy playing with a doll

c. A little boy playing with a toy truck

d. A little girl carrying a baseball mitt

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 178

51. Around the age of _____, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

a. three

b. one

c. two

d. one-and-a-half

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 178

52. Children between the ages of 3 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:

a. mixed ages.

b. the same sex as theirs.

c. both boys and girls.

d. children from their own socioeconomic status.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 178

53. In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward:

a. boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.

b. girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys,

c. girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.

d. boys were more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 178

54. Girls are more likely to engage in “_____,” in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.

a. collaborative discourse

b. rough-and-tumble play

c. ego displays

d. dominating play

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 178

55. A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individual’s perceptions.

a. format

b. schema

c. subset

d. system

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 178

56. A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

a. role

b. identity

c. bias

d. schema

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 178

57. Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing _____.

a. preferences

b. schemas

c. roles

d. orientations

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 178

58. Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture, and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

a. identities

b. roles

c. schemas

d. types

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 178

59. Which of the following fuels gender typing?

a. Gender schemas

b. Gender identity

c. Gender bias

d. Gender mismatch

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 178

60. Suzie, 3, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner or her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishments. Suzie’s father is most likely a(n):

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

61. When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, “In my house, my word is the law.” Juan is probably a(n):

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

62. A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n):

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 179

63. Lucy frequently spanks her child, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken. Lucy is most likely a(n) _____.

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

64. A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n):

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 179

65. Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As he encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumarind would classify him as a:

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

66. Ursula is allowed to set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula’s mom is most likely a(n):

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

67. Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting and unresponsive?

a. Authoritarian

b. Indulgent

c. Authoritative

d. Neglectful

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 179

68. According to Baumarind, a parent who is very uninvolved in a child’s life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a _____ parenting style.

a. authoritarian

b. authoritative

c. indulgent

d. neglectful

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 179

69. According to Baumarind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a ____ parenting style.

a. authoritarian

b. authoritative

c. indulgent

d. neglectful

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 179

70. Josh’s mother makes his favorite food—burgers, fries, and pizza—every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh’s mom is most likely a(n):

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

71. Bernard just brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to bring the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard’s dad told him to move out of the way because he could not see the TV set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he left it, unsigned. He signed his dad’s name and put it in his backpack. Bernard’s dad is most likely a(n):

a. authoritarian parent.

b. authoritative parent.

c. indulgent parent.

d. neglectful parent.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

72. Misha has been sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. His mother will come in and talk to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify?

a. Authoritarian

b. Authoritative

c. Indulgent

d. Neglectful

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

73. In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children’s constructive behavior?

a. Authoritarian

b. Authoritative

c. Indulgent

d. Neglectful

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 179

74. Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children?

a. Authoritarian

b. Authoritative

c. Indulgent

d. Neglectful

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 179

75. Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?

a. Authoritarian

b. Authoritative

c. Indulgent

d. Neglectful

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 179-180

76. Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive?

a. Authoritarian

b. Indulgent

c. Authoritative

d. Neglectful

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 180

77. Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also rejecting, and unresponsive?

a. Authoritarian

b. Indulgent

c. Authoritative

d. Neglectful

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 180

78. Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, while also being accepting and responsive?

a. Authoritarian

b. Indulgent

c. Authoritative

d. Neglectful

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 180

79. Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that:

a. the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as “training” and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting.

b. “authoritarian” parenting is “authoritarian” parenting, whether the parent is Asian American, African American, or European American.

c. contrary to stereotypes, Asian parents are indulgent and permissive.

d. consistent with stereotypes, Asian parents are domineering, controlling, and have rigid/unrealistic expectations for academic achievement in their children.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 180-181

80. A national survey of U.S. parents with 3- and 4-year-old children found that _____ percent of parents reported spanking their children frequently.

a. 36

b. 26

c. 50

d. 75

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 181

81. In a recent national survey of U.S. parents with 3- to 4-year-old children, about _____ percent reported that they frequently yelled at their children.

a. 97

b. 7

c. 2

d. 67

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 181

82. Which of the following countries has the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment?

a. Sweden

b. Spain

c. South Korea

d. The United States

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 181

83. According to a cross-cultural survey, in which of the following countries are adults most likely to remember that their parents used corporal punishment?

a. The United States

b. South Korea

c. Spain

d. Sweden

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 181

84. Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

a. higher levels of immediate compliance.

b. lower levels of mental health.

c. higher levels of moral internalization.

d. higher levels of aggression.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 181

85. Which of the following is an effective way of handling a child’s misbehavior, according to most child psychologists?

a. Mild spanking, calculated not to hurt the child

b. Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement

c. Shouting at the child just enough to get the point across

d. Instilling rigid household rules and meting out severe corporal punishment if those rules are broken

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 181

86. Four-year old Becky has just hit her sister, again. What should Becky’s mom do? Most developmental psychologists would suggest:

a. giving Becky a spanking; she is too young to understand reasoning.

b. explaining to Becky that “hitting hurts”; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others.

c. sending Becky to bed without dinner; she is too young to understand reasoning.

d. giving Becky a spanking; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior, and would expect to be punished accordingly.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 181

87. Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of:

a. joint parenting.

b. cooperative parenting.

c. collaborative parenting.

d. coparenting.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 182

88. Whereas the public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect, developmentalists increasingly use the term _____.

a. child neglect

b. child maltreatment

c. child battery

d. child assault

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 183

89. Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitutes:

a. verbal abuse.

b. sexual abuse.

c. child neglect.

d. physical abuse.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 183

90. Damian’s parents fail to provide his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school. This constitutes:

a. physical abuse.

b. mental injury.

c. child neglect.

d. child inattention.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 183

91. Nine-year-old Tadako’s uncle has been taking pictures of her naked and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes:

a. verbal abuse

b. sexual abuse

c. child neglect

d. physical abuse

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 183

92. About _____ of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to abuse their own children.

a. half

b. three-quarter

c. one-third

d. two-third

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 184

93. In a study of maltreating mothers and their 1-year-olds, one treatment that was found to be effective in reducing child maltreatment involved parent-infant psychotherapy that focused on improving:

a. maternal-infant attachment.

b. paternal-infant attachment.

c. socioeconomic status of the family.

d. support for the father.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 184

94. Laurie Kramer, who has conducted a number of research studies on siblings, says that:

a. it is best to not intervene in sibling conflict and to allow them to work it out on their own.

b. it is best to let sibling conflicts escalate so that children learn coping strategies to handle anger and disagreement with peers.

c. intervening and helping children resolve sibling conflict are not good strategies.

d. not intervening and letting sibling conflict escalate are not good strategies.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 185

95. Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn?

a. There is no observable variation in sibling relationships.

b. Most siblings report not really knowing each other very well.

c. There is considerable variation in sibling relationships.

d. Most children have predominantly negative feelings toward their siblings.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 185

96. Firstborn and only children are alike in that both are _____ than later-born children.

a. more anxious

b. less self-controlled

c. more dependent on adults

d. more achievement-oriented

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 185-186

97. Why do more and more researchers think that birth-order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly?

a. There are no clear patterns of birth-order influences on personality.

b. If we continue to study birth order-influences, our findings will create self-fulfilling prophecies that will perpetuate birth-order differences.

c. The pattern of birth-order influences that scientists describe are largely speculation and are not based on evidence.

d. Birth order itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all of the factors that influence behavior are considered.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 186

98. Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families?

a. Canada

b. The United States

c. Germany

d. Sweden

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 186

99. Which of the following is true of how parents’ work affects the development of their children?

a. The nature of the parents’ work is a more important determinant of children’s development.

b. Children of working mothers are less likely to develop a secure attachment to their parents.

c. Children (especially girls) of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping.

d. Whether one or both parents work outside the home is critical to children’s development.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 186-187

100. Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Ann Crouter would say that:

a. Kim’s children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Maribel’s children.

b. Maribel’s children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim’s children.

c. both Maribel and Kim’s children are likely to do poorly in school.

d. neither Maribel’s nor Kim’s children will be negatively affected by their mothers’ jobs.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 186-187

101. It is estimated that approximately _____ percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents’ divorce.

a. 20

b. 40

c. 60

d. 75

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 187

102. Which of the following is true of children in divorced families?

a. A majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems.

b. Divorces inevitably impair children’s ability to adapt to difficulties in their lives.

c. Competent children cannot be raised in single-parent families.

d. Children in divorced families are no more likely than children in nondivorced families to have academic problems.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 187

103. A number of researchers have shown that a(n) _____, which includes diminished parenting skills, occurs in the year following the divorce.

a. centration

b. restabilization

c. equilibrium

d. disequilibrium

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 188

104. Following divorce, custodial mothers experience the loss of about _____ percent of their predivorce income.

a. 10 to 15

b. 15 to 30

c. 25 to 50

d. over 70

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 188

105. Approximately _____ percent of lesbians are parents.

a. 10

b. 20

c. 30

d. 40

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 188-189

106. Approximately _____ percent of gay men are parents.

a. 10

b. 20

c. 30

d. 40

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 189

107. Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is MOST likely that:

a. Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice.

b. Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.

c. Bernice will have a homosexual orientation; Jessica will have a heterosexual orientation.

d. both will grow up and marry men, but Bernice is more likely to get divorced.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 189

108. The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families:

a. are also homosexual.

b. have a heterosexual orientation.

c. are likely to be bisexual.

d. grow up confused about their sexual orientation.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 189

109. Working-class and low-income families are more likely to practice a(n) _____ parenting style.

a. authoritarian

b. egalitarian

c. permissive indulgent

d. permissive ignoring

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 189

110. Which of the following is true about lower-SES parents in the United States and most Western cultures?

a. Lower-SES parents create a home atmosphere in which children are more nearly equal participants and in which rules are discussed as opposed to being laid down” in an authoritarian manner.

b. Lower-SES parents are more concerned with developing children’s initiative and delay of gratification.

c. Lower-SES parents are more concerned that their children conform to society’s expectations.

d. Lower-SES parents are less directive and more conversational with their children.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 191

111. Which of the following statements about higher-SES parents in the United States and most Western cultures is true?

a. Higher-SES parents are more likely to use physical punishment in disciplining their children.

b. Higher-SES parents are less likely to use physical punishment.

c. Higher-SES parents are more concerned that their children conform to society’s expectations.

d. Higher-SES parents are more directive and less conversational with their children.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 191

112. Lower-SES parents:

a. are less directive and more conversational with their children.

b. are less likely to use physical punishment.

c. are more concerned with developing children’s initiative and delay of gratification.

d. are more directive and less conversational with their children.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 191

113. Higher-SES parents:

a. create a home atmosphere in which children are more nearly equal participants and in which rules are discussed as opposed to being laid down in an authoritarian manner.

b. create a home atmosphere in which it is clear that parents have authority over children.

c. are more directive and less conversational with their children.

d. create a home atmosphere in which children are taught the values of instant gratification.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 191

114. What does a child get from peers that he/she typically cannot get from siblings?

a. A same-sex friend

b. A chance to share intimate feelings

c. An idea of how the child compares with other children the same age

d. A view of what the world looks like from another person’s perspective

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 191

115. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because:

a. it helps the child master anxieties and conflicts.

b. it advances the child’s cognitive development.

c. it helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment.

d. it allows children to interact with their peers.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 192

116. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because:

a. it allows children to release tension.

b. it advances the child’s cognitive development.

c. it helps children satisfy their need for mastery over their environment.

d. it allows children to interact with their peers.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 192

117. Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne’s views about children’s play?

a. Play is important for developing motor skills and coordination.

b. Play is important only because it occupies children during times when they are not learning more important things.

c. Children use play as a way to digest past experiences, to derive meaning from what has happened to them.

d. Children use play as a way to explore new things and as a way to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 192

118. _____ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

a. Pretense/symbolic

b. Practice

c. Social

d. Sensorimotor

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 193

119. Which of the following statements about practice play is true?

a. Practice play ceases in elementary school years.

b. Practice play is primarily confined to infancy.

c. Practice play occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol.

d. Practice play can be engaged in throughout life.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 193

120. Which type of play increases dramatically during the preschool years?

a. Practice play

b. Sensorimotor play

c. Social play

d. Constructive play

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 193

121. _____ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.

a. Constructive

b. Social

c. Collective

d. Pretense

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 193

122. Which of the following refers to activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals?

a. Symbolic play

b. Role-plays

c. Constructive play

d. Games

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 194

123. Television continues to have a strong influence on children’s development, but children’s use of other media and information/communication devices has led to the use of the term _____, which includes how much time individuals spend watching television programs and DVDs, using computers, playing video games, and using mobile media such as iPhones.

a. screen time

b. media time

c. leisure time

d. social media

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 194

124. Television is still the elephant in young children’s media life, with 2- to 4-year-old children watching TV approximately _____ hours per day.

a. 8 to 10

b. 5 to 6

c. 6 to 7

d. 2 to 4

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 194

125. A recent recommendation stated that for children 2 to 4 years of age screen time should be limited to no more than _____ hour per day.

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 194

Identification Questions

126. This theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was “initiative versus guilt.”

Answer: Erik Erikson

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 170

127. Parents who monitor their children’s emotions, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assist children in labeling their emotions.

Answer: Emotion-coaching parents

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 173

128. According to Jean Piaget, this is the first stage of moral development where children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.

Answer: Heteronomous morality

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 174

129. This theorist suggested that children internalize their parents’ standards of right and wrong in order to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment.

Answer: Sigmund Freud

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 174

130. This theorist proposed that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women in societies where women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources.

Answer: Alice Eagly

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 176

131. This theory states that children’s gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.

Answer: Social cognitive theory of gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 177

132. This theorist has proposed four classifications of parenting involving combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on the one hand and demand and control on the other.

Answer: Baumrind

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 179

133. Tobias’s parents are very demanding and show little warmth. They have a “My way or the highway” kind of approach to parenting. What parenting style are they displaying?

Answer: Authoritarian

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 179

134. A parenting technique for handling misbehavior in children. It is characterized by removing the child from a setting that offers positive reinforcement.

Answer: Time out

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 181

135. The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.

Answer: Coparenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 182

136. This theorist, a leading expert on sibling relationships, described three important characteristics of sibling relationships: emotional stability, familiarity and intimacy, and variation.

Answer: Judy Dunn

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 185

137. A kind of play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.

Answer: Practice play

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 193

Short Answer Questions

138. Explain Eric Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt. Provide an example of initiative and an example of guilt as it is used by Erikson.

Answer: In Eric Erikson’s first psychosocial developmental stage, initiative versus guilt, children are learning to use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen. In essence, they exuberantly move into a wider social world. If they are not permitted to explore their world or if they face disappointment consistently, they will develop guilt.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 170

139. Young children’s self-descriptions are typically unrealistically positive. Why is that?

Answer: Young children’s self-descriptions are typically unrealistically positive because they do not yet distinguish between their desired competence and their actual competence; tend to confuse ability and effort, thinking that differences in ability can be changed as easily as can differences in effort; do not engage in spontaneous social comparison of their abilities with those of others; and tend to compare their present abilities with what they could do at an earlier age, by which they usually look quite good.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 171

140. Define self-conscious emotions and provide two examples. What are the two criteria necessary for children to experience self-conscious emotions?

Answer: Self-conscious emotions are those that include the quality of an evaluation or judgment of self. Examples include pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt. In order for children to experience self-conscious emotions, they must (1) be able to refer to themselves and (2) be aware of themselves as distinct from others.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 172

141. What are some of the differences between emotion-coaching and emotion-dismissing parents?

Answer: Depending on how they talk with their children about emotion, parents can be described as taking an emotion-coaching or an emotion-dismissing approach. The distinction between these approaches is most evident in the way the parent deals with the child’s negative emotions (anger, frustration, sadness, and so on). Emotion-coaching parents monitor their children’s emotions, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions. In contrast, emotion-dismissing parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions. Emotion-coaching parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Analyze

Page(s): 173

142. Name and briefly describe the two stages of moral reasoning in children as identified by Jean Piaget; provide an example of each.

Answer: Piaget concluded that children go through two distinct stages in how they think about morality. From about 4 to 7 years of age, children display heteronomous morality, where children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. From 7 to 10 years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality. From about 10 years of age and older, children show autonomous morality. They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 174

143. Compare and contrast the three major social theories of gender. Which would you argue is the dominant approach today?

Answer: Three main social theories of gender have been proposed—social role theory, psychoanalytic theory, and social cognitive theory. Alice Eagly proposed the social role theory, which states that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men. The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. At 5 or 6 years of age, the child renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings. Subsequently, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics. According to the social cognitive theory of gender, children’s gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Analyze

Page(s): 176-177

144. Cultures around the world tend to give mothers and fathers different roles in parenting. Describe the different socializing strategies that mothers and fathers use in raising their children.

Answer: In many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons. They also place more restrictions on daughters’ autonomy. Fathers, on the other hand, show more attention to sons than daughters, engage in more activities with sons, and put forth more effort to promote sons’ intellectual development.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Analyze

Page(s): 177

145. List four characteristics that are generally associated with the firstborn child. Discuss what accounts for these differences.

Answer: A recent review concluded that firstborns are the most intelligent, achieving, and conscientious. Compared with later-born children, firstborn children have also been described as more adult-oriented, helpful, conforming, and self-controlled. Proposed explanations for differences related to birth order usually point to variations in interactions with parents and siblings associated with being in a particular position in the family. In one study, mothers became more negative, coercive, and restraining and played less with the firstborn following the birth of a second child.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 185

146. Should parents stay in an unhappy or conflicted marriage for the sake of their children?

Answer: If the stresses and disruptions in family relationships associated with an unhappy, conflict-ridden marriage that erode the well-being of children are reduced by the move to a divorced, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous. However, if the diminished resources and increased risks associated with divorce also are accompanied by inept parenting and sustained or increased conflict, not only between the divorced couple but also among the parents, children, and siblings, the best choice for the children would be that an unhappy marriage is retained. It is difficult to determine how these “ifs” will play out when parents either remain together in an acrimonious marriage or become divorced.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Analyze

Page(s): 187

147. Assess the development and psychological well-being of children raised by gay and lesbian couples based on current research findings.

Answer: Like heterosexual couples, gay and lesbian parents vary greatly. They may be single, or they may have same-gender partners. Many lesbian mothers and gay fathers are noncustodial parents because they lost custody of their children to heterosexual spouses after a divorce. Parenthood among lesbians and gay men is controversial. Opponents claim that being raised by gay or lesbian parents harms the child’s development. But researchers have found few differences between children growing up with lesbian mothers or gay fathers on the one hand, and children growing up with heterosexual parents on the other. For example, children raised by gay or lesbian parents are just as popular with their peers, and no differences are found in the adjustment and mental health of children living in these families when they are compared with children raised by heterosexual parents. Contrary to the once-popular expectation that being raised by a gay or lesbian parent would result in the child’s growing up to be gay or lesbian, in reality the overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families have a heterosexual orientation.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Analyze

Page(s): 188-189

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