Life Science Teacher’s Edition (TE)

[Pages:472]Life Science Teacher's Edition (TE)

CK-12 Foundation February 12, 2010

CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, webbased collaborative model termed the "FlexBook," CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning.

Copyright ?2009 CK-12 Foundation

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Contents

1 Introduction to Life Science (TE)

11

1.1 Life Science: Teacher's Edition (TE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.2 The Teacher's Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.3 Teaching Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.4 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2 Standards

23

3 Introduction to Life Science (TE)

49

3.1 Unit 1: Understanding Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4 TE Studying Life

51

4.1 Chapter 1: Studying Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.2 Lesson 1.1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.3 Lesson 1.2: The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

4.4 Lesson 1.3: Tools of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4.5 Lesson 1.4: Safety in Scientific Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.6 The 5E Instructional Model: A Studying Life Concept Map . . . . . . . . . 73

4.7 Worksheet Answer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5 TE Introduction to Living Organisms

77

5.1 Chapter 2: Introduction to Living Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

5.2 Lesson 2.1: What are Living Things? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

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5.3 Lesson 2.2: Chemicals of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.4 Lesson 2.3: Classification of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

6 Introduction to Life Science (TE)

95

6.1 Unit 2: The Building Blocks of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

7 TE Cells and Their Structures

97

7.1 Chapter 3: Cells and Their Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

7.2 Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

7.3 Lesson 3.2: Cell Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

8 TE Cell Functions

113

8.1 Chapter 4: Cell Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

8.2 Lesson 4.1: Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

8.3 Lesson 4.2: Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

8.4 Lesson 4.3: Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

9 TE Cell Division, Reproduction, and DNA

127

9.1 Chapter 5: Cell Division, Reproduction, and DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

9.2 Lesson 5.1: Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

9.3 Lesson 5.2: Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

9.4 Lesson 5.3: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

9.5 Worksheet Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

10 Introduction to Life Science (TE)

141

10.1 Unit 3: Genetics and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

11 TE Genetics

143

11.1 Chapter 6: Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

11.2 Lesson 6.1: Gregor Mendel and the Foundations of Genetics . . . . . . . . . 147

11.3 Lesson 6.2: Modern Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152



4

11.4 Lesson 6.3: Human Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 11.5 Lesson 6.4: Genetic Advances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 11.6 Review Answer Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 11.7 Worksheet Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

12 TE Evolution

153

12.1 Chapter 7: Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

12.2 Lesson 7.1: Evolution by Natural Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

12.3 Lesson 7.2: Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

12.4 Lesson 7.3: Macroevolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

12.5 Lesson 7.4: History of Life on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

12.6 Worksheet Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

13 Introduction to Life Science (TE)

173

13.1 Unit 4: Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi, and Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

14 TE Prokaryotes

175

14.1 Chapter 8: Prokaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

14.2 Lesson 8.1: Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

14.3 Lesson 8.2: Archaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

15 TE Protists and Fungi

189

15.1 Chapter 9: Protists and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

15.2 Lesson 9.1: Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

15.3 Lesson 9.2: Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

16 TE Plants

203

16.1 Chapter 10: Protists and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

16.2 Lesson 10.1: Introduction to Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

16.3 Lesson 10.2: Seedless Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

16.4 Lesson 10.3: Seed Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

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16.5 Lesson 10.4: Plant Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

17 Introduction to Life Science (TE)

225

17.1 Unit 5: The Animal Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

18 TE Introduction to Invertebrates

227

18.1 Chapter 11: Introduction to Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

18.2 Lesson 11.1: Overview of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

18.3 Lesson 11.2: Sponges and Cnidarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

18.4 Lesson 11.3: Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

19 TE Other Invertebrates

237

19.1 Chapter 12: Other Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

19.2 Lesson 12.1: Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

19.3 Lesson 12.2: Echinoderms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

19.4 Lesson 12.3: Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

19.5 Lesson 12.4: Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

19.6 Review Answers Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

20 TE Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles

251

20.1 Chapter 13: Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

20.2 Lesson 13.1: Introduction to Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

20.3 Lesson 13.2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

20.4 Lesson 13.3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

20.5 Lesson 13.4: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

20.6 Review Answers Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

21 TE Birds and Mammals

265

21.1 Chapter 14: Birds and Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

21.2 Lesson 14.1: Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

21.3 Lesson 14.2: Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274



6

21.4 Lesson 14.3: Primates and Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

22 TE Behavior of Animals

291

22.1 Chapter 15: Behavior of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

22.2 Lesson 15.1: Understanding Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

22.3 Lesson 15.2: Types of Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

23 Introduction to Life Science (TE)

305

23.1 Unit 6: The Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

24 TE Skin, Bones, and Muscles

307

24.1 Chapter 16: Skin, Bones, and Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

24.2 Lesson 16.1: Organization of Your Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

24.3 Lesson 16.2: The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

24.4 Lesson 16.3: The Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

24.5 Lesson 16.4: The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

25 TE Food and the Digestive System

329

25.1 Chapter 17: Food and the Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

25.2 Lesson 17.1: Food and Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

25.3 Lesson 17.2: Choosing Healthy Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

25.4 Lesson 17.3: Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

26 TE Cardiovascular System

347

26.1 Chapter 18: Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

26.2 Lesson 18.1: Introduction to the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

26.3 Lesson 18.2: Heart and Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

26.4 Lesson 18.3: Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

26.5 Lesson 18.4: Health of the Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

27 TE Respiratory and Excretory Systems

7

377

27.1 Chapter 19: Respiratory and Excretory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 27.2 Review Answers Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

28 TE Controlling the Body

381

28.1 Chapter 20: Controlling the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

28.2 Lesson 20.1: The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

28.3 Lesson 20.2: The Eyes and Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

28.4 Lesson 20.3: Other Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

28.5 Review Answers Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

29 TE Diseases and the Body's Defenses

399

29.1 Chapter 21: Diseases and the Body's Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

29.2 Lesson 21.1: Infectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

29.3 Lesson 21.2: Noninfectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

29.4 Lesson 21.3: First Two Lines of Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

29.5 Lesson 21.4: Immune System Defenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

30 TE Reproductive Systems and Life Stages

427

30.1 Chapter 22: Reproductive Systems and Life Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

30.2 Review Answers Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

31 Introduction to Life Science (TE)

433

31.1 Unit 7: Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

32 TE From Populations to the Biosphere

435

32.1 Chapter 23: From Populations to the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

32.2 Review Answers Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

33 TE Ecosystem Dynamics

441

33.1 Chapter 24: Ecosystem Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

33.2 Review Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445



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