Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and ...

Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:

Summary of National Findings

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality

Acknowledgments This report was prepared by the Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (CBHSQ), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and by RTI International (a trade name of Research Triangle Institute), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Work by RTI was performed under Contract No. HHSS283201000003C.

Public Domain Notice All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission from SAMHSA. However, this publication may not be reproduced or distributed for a fee without the specific, written authorization of the Office of Communications, SAMHSA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. When using estimates and quotations from this report, citation of the source is appreciated.

Recommended Citation Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4795. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013.

Electronic Access and Copies of Publication This publication may be downloaded from . Hard copies may be obtained from SAMHSA at 1-877-SAMHSA-7 (1-877-726-4727) (English and Espa?ol).

Originating Office Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 1 Choke Cherry Road, Room 2-1067 Rockville, MD 20857

September 2013

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Table of Contents

Chapter

Page

List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix

Highlights .........................................................................................................................................1

1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................7 Summary of NSDUH .......................................................................................................... 7 Limitations on Trend Measurement.................................................................................... 8 Format of Report and Data Presentation............................................................................. 9 Other NSDUH Reports and Data ...................................................................................... 10

2. Illicit Drug Use ..................................................................................................................13 Age .................................................................................................................................... 17 Youths Aged 12 to 17 ....................................................................................................... 19 Young Adults Aged 18 to 25 ............................................................................................ 19 Adults Aged 26 or Older................................................................................................... 21 Gender............................................................................................................................... 22 Pregnant Women............................................................................................................... 23 Race/Ethnicity................................................................................................................... 24 Education .......................................................................................................................... 24 College Students ............................................................................................................... 24 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 25 Geographic Area ............................................................................................................... 26 Criminal Justice Populations............................................................................................. 27 Frequency of Marijuana Use............................................................................................. 28 Association with Cigarette and Alcohol Use .................................................................... 28 Driving Under the Influence of Illicit Drugs .................................................................... 29 Source of Prescription Drugs ............................................................................................ 29

3. Alcohol Use .......................................................................................................................31 3.1. Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older .................................................... 31 Age ........................................................................................................................ 32 Gender................................................................................................................... 33 Pregnant Women................................................................................................... 33 Race/Ethnicity....................................................................................................... 33 Education .............................................................................................................. 35 College Students ................................................................................................... 35 Employment .......................................................................................................... 36 Geographic Area ................................................................................................... 36 Association with Illicit Drug and Tobacco Use .................................................... 37 Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol ............................................................... 37 3.2. Underage Alcohol Use .......................................................................................... 39

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Table of Contents (continued)

Chapter

Page

4. Tobacco Use.......................................................................................................................43 Age .................................................................................................................................... 44 Gender............................................................................................................................... 44 Pregnant Women............................................................................................................... 46 Race/Ethnicity................................................................................................................... 47 Education .......................................................................................................................... 48 College Students ............................................................................................................... 48 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 48 Geographic Area ............................................................................................................... 49 Association with Illicit Drug and Alcohol Use................................................................. 49 Frequency of Cigarette Use .............................................................................................. 49

5. Initiation of Substance Use ................................................................................................51 Initiation of Illicit Drug Use ............................................................................................. 52 Comparison, by Drug........................................................................................................ 53 Marijuana .......................................................................................................................... 55 Cocaine ............................................................................................................................. 56 Heroin ............................................................................................................................... 56 Hallucinogens ................................................................................................................... 57 Inhalants ............................................................................................................................ 58 Psychotherapeutics............................................................................................................ 58 Alcohol.............................................................................................................................. 59 Tobacco............................................................................................................................. 60

6. Youth Prevention-Related Measures .................................................................................65 Perceived Risk of Substance Use...................................................................................... 65 Perceived Availability....................................................................................................... 68 Perceived Parental Disapproval of Substance Use ........................................................... 70 Attitudes toward Peer Substance Use ............................................................................... 71 Fighting and Delinquent Behavior.................................................................................... 71 Religious Involvement and Beliefs ................................................................................... 72 Exposure to Substance Use Prevention Messages and Programs ..................................... 72 Parental Involvement ........................................................................................................ 73

7. Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment .................................................................75 7.1. Substance Dependence or Abuse .......................................................................... 75 Age at First Use .................................................................................................... 79 Age ........................................................................................................................ 80 Gender................................................................................................................... 81 Race/Ethnicity....................................................................................................... 82 Education .............................................................................................................. 82 Employment .......................................................................................................... 82

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Table of Contents (continued)

Chapter

Page

Criminal Justice Populations................................................................................. 82 Geographic Area ................................................................................................... 82 7.2. Past Year Treatment for a Substance Use Problem .............................................. 83 7.3. Need for and Receipt of Specialty Treatment....................................................... 86 Illicit Drug or Alcohol Use Treatment and Treatment Need ................................ 86 Illicit Drug Use Treatment and Treatment Need .................................................. 89 Alcohol Use Treatment and Treatment Need ....................................................... 91

8. Discussion of Trends in Substance Use among Youths, Young Adults, and Older Adults ...............................................................................................................................93 Description of NSDUH and Other Data Sources.............................................................. 93 Comparison of NSDUH, MTF, and YRBS Trends for Youths and Young Adults.......... 94 Trends in Marijuana and Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use, by Age Group and Birth Cohort among Older Adults................................................................................... 98

Appendix

A Description of the Survey ................................................................................................109 A.1 Sample Design .................................................................................................... 109 A.2 Data Collection Methodology............................................................................. 110 A.3 Data Processing................................................................................................... 113

B Statistical Methods and Measurement .............................................................................119 B.1 Target Population................................................................................................ 119 B.2 Sampling Error and Statistical Significance ....................................................... 119 B.3 Other Information on Data Accuracy ................................................................. 124 B.4 Measurement Issues ............................................................................................ 129

C Other Sources of Data ......................................................................................................143 C.1 Other National Surveys of Substance Use .......................................................... 143 C.2 Substance Abuse Treatment Data Sources ......................................................... 150 C.3 Surveys of Populations Not Covered by NSDUH .............................................. 153

D References........................................................................................................................157

E List of Contributors..........................................................................................................163

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vi

List of Tables

Table

Page

8.1 Comparison of NSDUH and MTF Lifetime Prevalence Estimates among Youths: Percentages, 2002-2012 .................................................................................................. 103

8.2 Comparison of NSDUH and MTF Past Year Prevalence Estimates among Youths: Percentages, 2002-2012 .................................................................................................. 104

8.3 Comparison of NSDUH and MTF Past Month Prevalence Estimates among Youths: Percentages, 2002-2012 .................................................................................... 105

8.4 Comparison of NSDUH and MTF Lifetime Prevalence Estimates among Young Adults: Percentages, 2002-2012 ..................................................................................... 106

8.5 Comparison of NSDUH and MTF Past Year Prevalence Estimates among Young Adults: Percentages, 2002-2012 ..................................................................................... 107

8.6 Comparison of NSDUH and MTF Past Month Prevalence Estimates among Young Adults: Percentages, 2002-2012 ......................................................................... 108

A.1 Weighted Statistical Imputation Rates (Percentages) for the 2012 NSDUH, by Interview Section ............................................................................................................ 118

B.1 Demographic and Geographic Domains Forced to Match Their Respective U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates through the Weight Calibration Process, 2012................................................................................................................................. 137

B.2 Summary of 2012 NSDUH Suppression Rules .............................................................. 138

B.3 Weighted Percentages and Sample Sizes for 2011 and 2012 NSDUHs, by Final Screening Result Code .................................................................................................... 139

B.4 Weighted Percentages and Sample Sizes for 2011 and 2012 NSDUHs, by Final Interview Code................................................................................................................ 140

B.5 Response Rates and Sample Sizes for 2011 and 2012 NSDUHs, by Demographic Characteristics................................................................................................................. 141

B.6 Past Year Initiates of Marijuana and Any Illicit Drug among Persons Aged 26 or Older or Aged 26 to 49: Numbers in Thousands, 2002-2012......................................... 142

B.7 Mean Age at First Use of Marijuana and Any Illicit Drug among Past Year Initiates Aged 26 to 49, 2002-2012................................................................................. 142

C.1 Use of Specific Substances in Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Month among 8th, 10th, and 12th Graders in MTF and NSDUH: Percentages, 2011 and 2012 .................. 155

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List of Tables (continued)

Table

Page

C.2 Lifetime and Past Month Substance Use among Students in Grades 9 to 12 in YRBS and NSDUH: Percentages, 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011..................................... 156

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