School Safety Policies and Programs Administered by the U ...

The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare the following resource:

Document Title:

School Safety Policies and Programs Administered by the U.S. Federal Government: 1990?2016

Author(s):

Marieke Brock, Norma Kriger, Ram?n Mir?

Document Number: 251517

Date Received:

February 2018

Award Number: 2015-CKR-4949

This resource has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource is being made publically available through the Office of Justice Programs' National Criminal Justice Reference Service.

Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

School Safety Policies and Programs Administered by the U.S. Federal Government: 1990?2016

A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress

under an Interagency Agreement with the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice

August 2017

Researchers:

Marieke Brock Norma Kriger

Project Manager: Ram?n Mir?

Federal Research Division

Library of Congress

Washington, D.C. 20540-4840

Tel:

202-707-3900

Fax:

202-707-3920

E-Mail:

frds@

Homepage:

69 Years of Service to the Federal Government

1948 ? 2017

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Library of Congress ? Federal Research Division

School Safety Programs and Policies: Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 7 Federal Action on School Safety in the 1970s and 1980s .......................................................... 7 Federal Action on School Safety in the 1990s............................................................................ 7 Federal Action on School Safety in the 2000s.......................................................................... 10 Federal Action on School Safety in the 2010s.......................................................................... 11

SCHOOL SAFETY PROGRAMS AND POLICIES ADMINISTERED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ..................................................................................... 16

Federal Legislation for Safe and Drug-Free Schools................................................................ 16 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and Reauthorizations ........................... 16 Federal School Safety Mandates Under the ESEA........................................................... 16 Gun-Free School Requirements .................................................................................... 17 Unsafe School Choice Option Policy ........................................................................... 17 Civil Rights Compliance............................................................................................... 19 Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1986............................................................... 20 Goals 2000: Educate America Act........................................................................................ 21 Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 .......................................................................... 21 No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ....................................................................................... 23 Every Student Succeeds Act ................................................................................................. 24

Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Program ......................................................... 24 Background ........................................................................................................................... 24 Accountability and the Principles of Effectiveness .......................................................... 25 Funding History ................................................................................................................ 26 State Programs ...................................................................................................................... 28 State Formula Grants ........................................................................................................ 28 Funding History ............................................................................................................ 29 Governors' Grants............................................................................................................. 29 Programs for Native Hawaiians ........................................................................................ 30 National Programs ................................................................................................................ 31 Federal Activities .............................................................................................................. 31 School Emergency Response to Violence (2001?Present) ........................................... 32 Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools (2003?11) ................................. 35

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Library of Congress ? Federal Research Division

School Safety Programs and Policies: Contents

Model Demonstration Grants (1998?2002) .................................................................. 37 The Challenge Newsletter (2005?10) ........................................................................... 38 Grants to States to Improve Management of Drug and Violence Prevention Programs (2004?7)........................................................................................................ 39 Building State Capacity for Preventing Youth Substance Use and Violence (2008?10) ...................................................................................................................... 40 Now is the Time Initiative ............................................................................................ 41 Safe and Supportive Schools (2010?14)....................................................................... 45 Other National Programs ...................................................................................................... 45 National Coordinator Program (2001?6) .......................................................................... 46 Community Service Grant Program (2002?3) .................................................................. 47 Mentoring Programs (2002?9).......................................................................................... 47 Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee (2006?7).............. 49 Hate Crime Prevention...................................................................................................... 50 Technical Assistance Centers ................................................................................................... 50 National School Safety Center.............................................................................................. 50 REMS Technical Assistance Center ..................................................................................... 51 National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments............................................... 52 Technical Assistance Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports ............... 52 National Technical Assistance Center for the Education of Neglected or Delinquent Children and Youth............................................................................................................... 52 Equity Assistance Centers..................................................................................................... 52 School Safety Data Collections ................................................................................................ 53 National Center for Education Statistics' Role in Collecting School Safety Data ............... 53 School Survey on Crime and Safety ................................................................................. 54 School Crime Supplement ................................................................................................ 54 School Safety Data Elements in the Civil Rights Data Collection ................................... 55 Selected Bibliography............................................................................................................... 65 SCHOOL SAFETY PROGRAMS AND POLICIES ADMINISTERED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ............................................................................................. 73 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 73 COPS Office School Safety Programs...................................................................................... 75 Background ........................................................................................................................... 75

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Library of Congress ? Federal Research Division

School Safety Programs and Policies: Contents

School-Based Partnerships (1998?99) .................................................................................. 75 COPS in Schools Program (1999?2005) .............................................................................. 76 Justice-Based After School Program (2000?1)..................................................................... 81 Secure Our Schools Program (2002?11) .............................................................................. 82 Other COPS Programs Impacting School Safety.................................................................. 83 NIJ School Safety Programs ..................................................................................................... 84 Comprehensive School Safety Initiative (2014?Present) ..................................................... 85 OJJDP Support for School Safety............................................................................................. 91 Background ........................................................................................................................... 91 Funding History .................................................................................................................... 92 School-Based Gang Intervention Programs.......................................................................... 93

Gang-Free Schools and Communities Demonstration Program (1999?2002) ................. 94 Gang Resistance Education and Training Program (1992?2011)..................................... 95 Delinquency Prevention Grants Program (1994?Present) ................................................ 96 Juvenile Accountability Block Grants Program (1998?2015).......................................... 97 Truancy Reduction Demonstration Program (1999?2004)................................................... 98 Now is the Time: School Justice Collaboration Program (2014?17) ................................... 99 DOJ-Sponsored School Safety Technical Assistance Centers................................................ 100 National Resource Center on School?Justice Partnerships (2015?Present) ....................... 100 National School Safety Center (1984?97) .......................................................................... 100 National Resource Center for Safe Schools (1998?2001) .................................................. 100 National Youth Gang Center (1995?2009)......................................................................... 101 School Security Technologies and Resource Center (1998?2003)..................................... 101 Selected Bibliography............................................................................................................. 110 SCHOOL SAFETY PROGRAMS AND POLICIES ADMINISTERED BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES............................................. 118 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 118 HHS School Safety and Student Behavioral Health Programs............................................... 119 Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative (1999?2012) ...................................................... 119 Safe Schools/Healthy Students Planning, Local Education Agency, and Local Community Grant Program (2013?Present) ....................................................................... 120 Now is the Time Initiative: Project AWARE (2014?Present)............................................ 121

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Library of Congress ? Federal Research Division

School Safety Programs and Policies: Contents

Implementing Evidence-Based Prevention Practices in Schools Grant Program (2010?14) ............................................................................................................................ 122 HHS-Funded Technical Assistance and Resource Centers .................................................... 123 Safe Schools/Healthy Students Action Center (2000?4) .................................................... 123 National Resource Center for Mental Health Promotion and Youth Violence Prevention (2013?Present).................................................................................................. 123 Center for School Mental Health (1995?Present)............................................................... 124 Now is the Time Technical Assistance Center (2015?Present).......................................... 124 CDC Data Collections............................................................................................................. 125 School-Associated Violent Death Study (1992?Present) ................................................... 125 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (1991?Present) ............................................... 125 Selected Bibliography............................................................................................................. 130 SCHOOL SAFETY PROGRAMS AND POLICIES ADMINISTERED BY INTERAGENCY PARTNERSHIPS .......................................................................................... 133 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 133 Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative (1999?2013) .......................................................... 133 Background ......................................................................................................................... 133 Implementation History ...................................................................................................... 134 Funding History .................................................................................................................. 138 Evaluation Requirements .................................................................................................... 140 Safe School Initiative (1999?2004) ........................................................................................ 140 School Emergency Preparedness Initiatives ........................................................................... 141 Federal Partners in Bullying Prevention ................................................................................. 143 Federal Partners in Bullying Prevention Summits and National Conference on Bullying Prevention (2010?16).......................................................................................................... 144 Supportive School Discipline Initiative (2011?16) ................................................................ 145 Now is the Time Initiative (2014?16)..................................................................................... 147 Meeting the Educational Needs of Systems-Involved Youth ................................................. 147 Comprehensive School Safety Initiative ................................................................................ 147 Selected Bibliography............................................................................................................. 154

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Library of Congress ? Federal Research Division

School Safety Programs and Policies: Contents

TABLE OF TABLES

Table 1. Federal Appropriations for SDFSCA Program, FY1987?2015...................................... 27 Table 2. Federal Appropriations for Native Hawaiian Programs, FY2002?9 .............................. 30 Table 3. Federal Appropriations for Project SERV, FY2001?16 ................................................. 34 Table 4. Federal Appropriations for REMS Grants, FY2003?11 ................................................. 37 Table 5. Federal Appropriations for the Challenge Newsletter, FY2004?10............................... 39 Table 6. Federal Appropriations for Grants to States to Improve Management of Drug and Violence Prevention Programs, FY2004?7 .................................................................................. 40 Table 7. Federal Appropriations for Safe and Supportive Schools, FY2010?13 ......................... 45 Table 8. Federal Appropriations for the National Coordinator Program, FY1999?2004............. 47 Table 9. Federal Appropriations for SDFSCA Mentoring Programs, FY2002?9 ........................ 48 Table 10. Grant Awards for the School-Based Partnerships Program, FY1998?99 .................... 76 Table 11. Grant Awards for the COPS in Schools Program, FY1999?2005................................ 79 Table 12. Grant Awards for SROs Funded through the COPS Hiring Program, FY2013?16 ..... 81 Table 13. Grant Awards for the Secure Our Schools Program, FY2002?11................................ 83 Table 14. Budget Authorities for Major Juvenile Justice Funding Sources, FY2000?16 ............ 93 Table 15. Federal Appropriations for the G.R.E.A.T. Program, FY1995?2011. ......................... 96 Table 16. Federal Appropriations for the Delinquency Prevention Grants Program, FY1994?2016 ............................................................................................................................... 97 Table 17. Federal Appropriations for the Juvenile Accountability Block Grants Program, FY1998?2015 ............................................................................................................................... 98 Table 18. HHS Appropriations for the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative, FY1999?2012 ............................................................................................................................. 120 Table 19. Grant Awards for the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative, FY1999?2012 ....... 137

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Federal Appropriations for the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative, FY1999?2012 ............................................................................................................................. 139

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Library of Congress ? Federal Research Division

School Safety Programs and Policies: Introduction

INTRODUCTION

Federal Action on School Safety in the 1970s and 1980s

The rise of school safety programs and policies administered by federal agencies can be traced to the early 1970s, a period in which youth crime and drug use became focal points in the public and congressional debates about criminal justice policy.1 The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA), for example, the national youth violence prevention law administered by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), authorized programs to address these issues in schools. Two congressionally mandated reports (released in 1975 and 1978, respectively) found that school violence and disciplinary problems--including the use of drugs and alcohol and weapons carrying--were on the rise across the nation's school systems. The studies recommended further legislative action to stem the rising trends in school violence, vandalism, and disruptive behavior.2

In the 1980s, federal efforts to prevent alcohol and drug use among students and young people intensified.3 By the mid-1980s, reports of a cocaine "epidemic" lent a new urgency to congressional efforts to address substance abuse among young people.4 Congress and President Ronald Reagan took action to combat student drug use by enacting the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act (DFSCA), which authorized school-based drug prevention programs to be administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED) as part of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986.5

Federal Action on School Safety in the 1990s

During the 1990s, Congress and the White House worked in tandem to address violence and disciplinary problems in schools. The 1992 reauthorization of the JJDPA created new programs to combat the presence of gangs in schools.6 Two years later, the Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 required local education agencies (LEAs), as a condition of receiving federal education assistance, to have in effect a "zero tolerance" policy.7 This policy required the expulsion from school for at least one year of any student who brought a gun, knife, or other weapon to school.8 Another key piece of legislation, the Safe Schools Act of 1994, directed the Secretary of Education to make competitive grants to eligible LEAs for projects aimed at ensuring that all schools are safe and free of violence.9

7

This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not

necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.

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