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[Fall 2013 Revision]

Name: ____________________________________ Period: _____ Date: _________________________

American Cultures – [America in the 20th Century] – [Content Outline] – Academic

Mr. Dellinger/Mrs. Gilbert

BECOMING A WORLD POWER [1890 – 1915]

TIMELINE QUESTIONS:

Directions: You should use only the timeline on pages 350-351 of the textbook to answer the

following questions about this particular time period.

1. Who encouraged the U.S. to build a strong navy? Why?

- US Naval Captain Alfred T. Mahan – To protect markets abroad from foreign rivals

2. List areas in Latin America the U.S. became involved:

- Cuba, Mexico, the Caribbean, Panama, Chile, and Puerto Rico

3. What other areas of the world did the U.S. show an interest in?

- Alaska and the Philippines

4. What was a major cause of the Spanish-American War?

- The explosion of the USS Maine in 1898

5. List some ways in which the US showed its power during this era:

- US gained control of Panama Canal Zone (1903)

- Great White Fleet toured the world as a display of the impressive US naval power (1907)

- US became involved in WWI in 1917 - 3 yrs. after the war started

6. What wars began during the latter part of this era?

- Russo-Japanese War (1905)

- First Balkan War (1912)

- WWI (1914)

7. List the Presidents on this timeline and the years of their terms:

- B. Harrison (1889-1893) - Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

- Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) - William H. Taft (1909-1913)

- William McKinley (1897-1901) - Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

Presidential and Major Event Timeline:

Grover Cleveland Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson

[1893 – 1897] 1901 – 1909] 1913 – 1921]

1890 1900 1910 1920

B. Harrison William McKinley William H. Taft

[1889 – 1893] [1897 – 1901] [1909 – 1913]

|The Growth of Imperialism |

|What is Imperialism? Stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations – |

|economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. |

| |

|What nations had large empires by the late 1800s, early 1900s? Great Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Japan |

|[Use the Map on Page 351] |

|Causes of Imperialism in the Late 1800s |

|Economic |Nationalism |

| |Loyalty and devotion to a nation |

|Need for natural resources |This caused countries to think they were superior to others. Therefore, |

|Desire to expand markets (trade) and invest profits (make money) |they colonized places |

|Outlet needed for growing population |Prestige of global empire |

|Military |Humanitarian – concern for or helping improve the welfare of other people.|

|Bases needed for merchant and naval vessels or ships |Desire to spread Christianity and Western civilization; a.k.a. “White |

|National security |Man’s Burden” |

|Advances in weaponry and travel |Belief in Social Darwinism and the superiority. Only the fittest nations |

| |rule and survive. |

| |Feeling of Superiority: We are better and we must show them our way is |

| |the best way. |

| |Desire to spread Democracy |

|How did the Following Demonstrate a Movement from Isolationism to Expansionism in the U.S.? |

|George Washington’s Farewell |Washington advised the U.S. government to avoid commercial (business) dealings with other countries and have as little |

|Address |political involvement as possible, other than those to which the US was already committed. In other words, steer clear |

|[1796] |of permanent alliances with any new foreign nations and remain neutral unless directly provoked into action. |

|Monroe Doctrine |Further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the |

|[1820s] |United States of America as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention |

|Manifest Destiny |America’s belief that it is their “destiny” or undeniable fate to expand westward across North America. |

|[1830 – 1850] | |

|Purchasing Alaska |The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million to intimidate and hopefully force out the British in |

|[1867] |Canada by placing American territory on 2 sides of Canada. Alaska was also later found to be rich in natural resources |

| |and was admitted as the 49th state in 1959. |

|Dealings in |- In 1853, the US convinced Japan to open trade relations with them |

|the Pacific |- By the 1860s, US signed treaties that allowed for expanded trade with China |

|[1853 – 1899] |- US gov’t wanted control of some Pacific islands to use as refueling and repair stations |

| |for its naval vessels |

| |- In 1867, the US annexed Midway Islands |

| |- In 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant announced that in the future the Monroe Doctrine |

| |would protect all territories in the Caribbean islands and Latin America from “transfer |

| |to a European power.” |

| |- In 1975, US signed a treaty with Hawaii allowing Hawaiians to sell sugar in the US |

| |duty-free, as long as they did not sell or lease territory to any foreign power |

| | |

| |Define Annexation - A new territory is joined to the existing country. For example, the |

| |United States added Hawaii in 1898. |

|Causes of American Imperialism |

|Economic |Military |

|- Overproduction of food and goods created a need |- US needed a powerful navy to protect US markets from |

|for the US to expand its markets to sell their |foreign rivals |

|goods | |

|Ideas |Politics |

|- A quest for an empire might restore or preserve |- As US continued to expand, they would become more |

|the country’s pioneer spirit |entangled in foreign conflicts |

|- Social Darwinism – Anglo-Saxon race is superior | |

|to the societies they conquered | |

|- It is the nation’s “destiny” to introduce | |

|Christianity and modern civilization around the | |

|world | |

| | |

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|The Spanish American War |

|Background Information |Causes of the War with Spain |

| | |

|Who? Spain vs. United States |Cuban Revolution – Cubans had been fighting for independence |

| |from Spain. As a result, many Cubans were forced into |

| |deplorable Spanish-run slave camps where many died from |

| |disease and starvation. This act made Spain look horrible in the |

| |eyes of the Americans. However, the US at first ignored |

|Location? Philippines, Cuba |Cubans’s plea for help. So, Cuban rebels started destroying |

|(Spanish Colonies) |American sugar plantations and mills in Cuba to attract the US |

| |government’s attention. Sympathizing with the Cubans and |

| |wanting to protect their own economic interests, the US finally |

| |decided to come to the Cubans’ aid in their fight for independence |

| | |

|President? William McKinley |Who was Valeriano Weyler – [a.k.a. The Butcher]? A Spanish |

| |general who, in an attempt to put down the rebellion of the |

| |Cubans against the Spanish and prevent civilians from aiding the |

| |rebels, instituted a policy of “reconstruction” by forcing thousands |

| |of Cubans into deplorable guarded camps in which many died. |

| | |

| |U.S. Economic Interests – Many of Cuba’s sugar plantations were |

| |owned by Americans, making them more likely to aid Cuba in |

| |their fight for independence to protect their economic interests. |

| | |

| |Yellow Journalism – Newspapers created highly exaggerated and |

| |sensationalized stories to attract more readers and make more |

| |money. These stories aroused and strengthened American public |

| |sympathy for the Cuban rebels and made Americans want war! |

| | |

| |De Lome Letter – The De Lome Letter, published by the New York |

| |Journal, was a letter written by Spanish minister to the US, |

| |Enrique Dupuy de Lome, which ridiculed President McKinley. |

| |This letter made it hard for leaders to withstand war demands. |

| | |

| |Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine – The USS Maine exploded in the |

| |harbor of Havana, Cuba. At first, most Americans believed (in part |

| |because of yellow journalism) that it was Spain’s fault. However, |

| |the 1976 U.S. Navy analyzed the sunken ship and determined that |

| |the hull blew out, not in (implying that it was an accident). |

| |Nevertheless, this explosion sparked a war between US and Spain. |

| | |

| |Spain’s Refusal to Make Cuba Independent – The only demand sent |

| |by President McKinley that Spain would not agree to. Thus, war |

| |was declared by the US against Spain. |

|War in Cuba |Outcome of the War |

|Who were the Rough Riders? Who led them? |What did John Hay mean when he said this was a “Splendid Little War”? U.S. won the war in |

|- The First Volunteer “Cowboy” |less than 4 months – Although 2,500 |

|Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt who |Americans had died in the war, only 400 Americans died in battle. |

|participated in the Battle of San Juan |The rest died from disease and infection. The US became a world |

|Hill. This charge became the most |power. |

|famous incident of the war. | |

| |Terms of the Treaty of Paris [December 1898] |

| |- Spanish Government granted Cuba’s independence |

| |- US gained Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for $20 million to |

| |become US territories. |

| |- U.S. gained former Spanish colonies, which set off the debate |

| |among imperialists and anti-imperialists in Asia and Latin |

|War in the Pacific |America |

|Who was Admiral George Dewey? | |

|- A Naval Admiral who launched a |Cuba: |

|surprise attack on Spanish ships |*Platt Amendment – An addition to the 1900 Cuban constitution by |

|anchored in Manila Bay, Philippines, |the American Government that gave the US the right to establish |

|after war against Spain was declared. |naval bases in Cuba and to intervene in Cuban affairs whenever |

|This attack destroyed Spain’s entire |necessary |

|Pacific fleet in just 7 hours. | |

| |*Teller Amendment – An amendment proposed by Senator Henry |

| |Teller in April 1898 to the US declaration of war against Spain, |

| |which proclaimed that the US would not annex or establish |

| |permanent control over Cuba. |

| | |

| | |

| |The Philippines: |

| |Who was Emilio Aguinaldo? Filipino rebel leader who issued a |

| |proclamation in January 1899 declaring the Philippines a republic. |

| |The US ignored him and tensions mounted between the rebel |

| |forces and American soldiers, which ultimately led to a bitter 3-yr |

| |war. The Philippines did not gain complete independence until |

| |1946. |

| | |

| | |

| |Puerto Rico: The US maintained a military government in Puerto |

| |Rico until the passage of the Foraker Act in 1900. Military control |

| |was then removed and replaced with a civil government, still |

| |under US control. Gradually, the US awarded more freedom and |

| |control to the Puerto Ricans. Also, with the passage of the Jones |

| |Act in 1917, the US gov’t granted Puerto Ricans American |

| |citizenship. In addition, although Puerto Ricans could now elect |

| |their local legislatures, the US retained the power to appoint key |

| |officials. |

OTHER GAINS IN THE PACIFIC

1. (A) Provide two [2] reasons why Hawaii was important to the United States?

- Business interests – Hawaii and the US renewed a trade treaty that allowed Hawaiian sugar to be

sold duty-free in the US.

- The US also needed naval stations in Hawaii in order to protect its world trade.

B) Briefly explain how the United States gained control of Hawaii?

- After Queen Liliuokalani was removed from power by pineapple planter Sanford Dole with the

help of the US Marines, Dole proclaimed Hawaii a republic and requested that it be annexed by

the US. President William McKinley supported the annexation and swayed Congress into

supporting it as well by arguing that the US needed naval stations in Hawaii in order to protect its

world trade. Thus, Hawaii was annexed to the US in 1898.

(1) Who was Queen Liliuokalani?

- She was the Hawaiian queen who wanted to restore Hawaii’s independence, but was

overthrown and removed from power by pineapple planter Sanford Dole with the help of

the US Marines.

2. (A) Define Spheres of Influence – Regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over the

mines, railroads, and trade in another country’s territory.

B) What other countries were seeking spheres of influence in China?

- Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan

3. Why did the United States issue the Open Door Policy [1899]?

- The United States wanted to create the open door policy with China because they favored

open trade relations between China and other nations. It also gave the US access to millions of

consumers in China.

1. How did Theodore Roosevelt become President?

- After President McKinley was assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt, then VP, became the new President

THE PANAMA CANAL

1. Why was there a need for a canal across Central America? What other route was available?

- A canal built across Central America would link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, making global

shipping much faster and cheaper. It would also allow the US Navy to move quickly between oceans

in time of war.

- The other route available involved having to travel around the Southern tip of South America – a

much longer and more costly journey.

2. How were the French originally involved in canal construction?

- In 1879, a French company headed by Ferdinand de Lesseps had bought a 25-year concession (grant

for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose) from Columbia to

build a canal across Panama.

3. How did the United States obtain the right to build the canal?

- Due to disease and mismanagement, the French company abandoned the Canal project after 10 years

and sold its remaining rights to the US for $40 million. Columbia, however, refused to negotiate a

treaty with the US and wanted to wait until the French concession expired so that it could offer the

strip of land at a much higher price. Enraged, Roosevelt threatened to use force if Columbia didn’t

cooperate and underhandedly incited an organized Panamanian revolt against Columbia. The US

then became Panama’s protector. In return, Panama signed a treaty and received $10 million from

the US, which gave the US a permanent grant and control of a 10-mile-wide strip of land for a Canal

Zone.

4. What did the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty [November 1903] allow?

- This treaty gave the US a permanent grant of a 10-mile-wide strip of land for a Canal Zone (over

which the US would have complete control) and allowed for the construction of the Panama Canal.

|Categories |Theodore Roosevelt |William Howard Taft |

| |[Term Dates: 1901 – 1909] |[Term Dates: 1909 – 1913] |

| |“Big Stick” |“Dollar Diplomacy” |

| | | |

|Policy Aims |- Peacemaker – to see neighboring |- Maintain the open door to Asia |

| |countries stable, orderly and |and preserve stability in Latin |

| |prosperous, but use military force if |America |

| |necessary | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Methods of Achieving Policy|“Speak softly and carry a big stick” |“Substitute dollars for bullets” |

|Aims | | |

| |The United States would use its influence and the threat of war |The United States should increase investments in foreign |

| |to enforce the Monroe Doctrine or meet other foreign policy needs|countries to maintain and increase its own power. |

| | | |

| |He added the Roosevelt Corollary in 1904 to strengthen the Monroe|The government backed loans made |

| |Doctrine, which states that the United States could intervene in |by U.S. businesses to foreign countries. |

| |Latin American nations (act as an “international police power”). | |

| |In other words, the US was willing to use its military power to | |

| |protect its business interests. | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Effectiveness of Methods |Very Effective |Not Very Effective |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Personal Style |Aggressive |Not Aggressive |

| | | |

5. How would you characterize Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” approach to foreign policy?

- The United States would only support Latin American governments that were democratic and

Supported US interests. This approach, like Taft’s, was ineffective.

THE PROS AND CONS OF IMPERIALISM

1. Complete the graphic organizer on the next page of the packet. This chart will provide you with

arguments for and against U.S. expansionism.

IMPERIALISM’S APPEAL

1. What was the Great White Fleet?

- White, US navy ships that went on a cruise around the world to demonstrate the nation’s impressive

naval power to other nations.

2. Why did Theodore Roosevelt send the Navy on a cruise around the world?

- To flex its muscles for other nations to see the US’s impressive naval power

IMPERIALISM

Stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations - economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.

|REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM |REASONS AGAINST IMPERIALISM |

| | |

|* The US would gain more territory and increase its |* It may be viewed by many as un-American – a |

|available “living space” |country founded on liberty should not take away the |

| |liberty of others |

|* The US would obtain more natural resources, | |

|such as oil, gold, water, coal, steel, etc.,. |* Imperialism could lead to the US getting entangled |

| |in the political or military problems of other nations |

|* The US would improve its economy and bring in | |

|more revenue through trade and by having more |* Cost of Imperialism is expensive |

|business factories, labor, and taxes that people | |

|would have to pay |* It may start conflicts with other countries |

| | |

|* Colonizing foreign lands could lead to America |* It may cause other countries to revolt |

|spreading its democracy, wealth, influence, | |

|religion, culture, and beliefs abroad (White Man’s |* It may put the US on unfriendly terms with its |

|Burden - US would fulfill its duty of helping to |neighboring countries |

|“civilize” the rest of the world) | |

| |* It may portray a message of “desperation” or be |

|* The US would gain more power, control, |viewed as an act of bullying |

|superiority, dominance, etc.,. | |

| |* It may create racial tensions |

|* The US would strengthen its military power by | |

|being able to build and strategically place more | |

|naval stations/bases around the world | |

| | |

|* By imperializing and taking control of foreign | |

|markets, the US could then exclude other | |

|countries from using them | |

| | |

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[pic]

-----------------------

Great White Fleet Tour (1907)

U.S.S. Maine Explodes (1898)

U.S. gains Panama Canal Zone (1903)

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History – Alfred T. Mahan (1890)

Start of World War I (1914)

Chapter Introduction: By the 1890s, business and political leaders with dreams of empire were expanding into new markets and seizing control of territory abroad. Imperialism on the part of a country founded on freedom from colonialism troubled many United States citizens. The responsibilities of world power brought the government’s conflicting domestic and international agendas to the forefront.

American Cultures – Content Outline – [Section 1] – “The Pressure to Expand” – [Please Note:

Information can be found in textbook Chapter 10 – Section 1]:

Main Idea: In the late 1800s, as European nations took over vast areas in Africa and Asia, American leaders

looked to extend American influence abroad.

The First World Series

To the roar of record crowds, a squad of upstart American Leaguers from Boston

defeated the established Pirates of Pittsburgh in baseball’s first World Series (1903).

American Cultures – Content Outline – [Section 2] – “The Spanish-American War” – [Please Note:

Information can be found in textbook Chapter 10 – Section 2]:

Main Idea: A swift victory in the Spanish-American War confirmed the status of the United States as a world

power, but it left some people arguing over how to govern newly acquired territory.

The Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt was a noisy advocate of the Spanish-American War. He quite his post as McKinley’s Secretary of Navy to lead a cavalry unit called the Rough Riders. “I don’t want to be in office during war,” he explained. “I want to be at the front.” His actions in Cuba made him a national hero and led to his election as New York’s governor in 1898.

President McKinley is Assassinated

President William McKinley had just finished patting a little girl’s head at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, in Buffalo, New York, when suddenly a man by the name of Leon Czolgosz (28), an anarchist and unemployed steelworker from Cleveland, emerged from the crowds and shot him.

American Cultures – Content Outline – [Section 3] – “A New Foreign Policy” – [Please Note:

Information can be found in textbook Chapter 10 – Section 3]:

Main Idea: President Theodore Roosevelt conducted a vigorous foreign policy that suited the new status of

the United States as a world power. Presidents Taft and Wilson took a different approach to

influencing other nations.

The Wright Brothers

On the morning of December 17, 1903, in the dunes near the village of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright shook hands, said a witness, “like two folks parting who weren’t sure they’d ever see each other again.” Orville’s historical flight lasted 59 breathtaking seconds.

American Cultures – Content Outline – [Section 4] – “Debating America’s New Role” – [Please Note:

Information can be found in textbook Chapter 10 – Section 4]:

Main Idea: After the Spanish-American War, the debate intensified over whether the United States should

build an empire.

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