BERTRAND RUSSELL

[Pages:955]BERTRAND RUSSELL A HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY And Its Connection with Political and Social

Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day SIMON AND SCHUSTER, NEW YORK

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN ANY FORM COPYRIGHT, 1945 , BY BERTRAND RUSSELL PUBLISHED BY

SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC. ROCKEFELLER CENTER, 1230 SIXTH AVENUE NEW YORK 20, N. Y. Fourth Printing

MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY AMERICAN BOOKSTRATFORD PRESS, INC., N. Y.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface by Author

ix Introduction xiii

BOOK ONE. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Part I. The Pre-Socratics

3 Chapter I. The Rise of Greek Civilization

3 Chapter II. The Milesian School

24 Chapter III. Pythagoras

29 Chapter IV. Heraclitus

38 Chapter V. Parmenides

48 Chapter VI. Empedocles

53 Chapter VII. Athens in Relation to Culture

58 Chapter VIII. Anaxagoras

61 Chapter IX. The Atomists

64 Chapter X. Protagoras

73 Part II. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

82 Chapter XI. Socrates

82 Chapter XII. The Influence of Sparta

94 Chapter XIII. The Sources of Plato's Opinions

Chapter XXIII. Aristotle's Physics 203

Chapter XXIV. Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy 208

Part III. Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle 218

Chapter XXV. The Hellenistic World 218

Chapter XXVI. Cynics and Sceptics 228

Chapter XXVII. The Epicureans 240

Chapter XXIX. Stoicism 252

Chapter XXIX. The Roman Empire in Relation to Culture 270

Chapter XXX. Plotinus 284

BOOK TWO. CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY Introduction

301 Part I. The Fathers

308 Chapter I. The Religious Development of the Jews 308 Chapter II. Christianity During the First Four Centuries

324 Chapter III. Three Doctors of the Church

334 Chapter IV. Saint Augustine's Philosophy and Theology

352 Chapter V. The Fifth and Sixth Centuries

366 Chapter VI. Saint Benedict and Gregory the Great

375 Part II. The Schoolmen

388 Chapter VII. The Papacy in the Dark Ages

388 Chapter VIII. John the Scot

400 Chapter IX. Ecclesiastical Reform in the Eleventh Century

407 Chapter X. Mohammedan Culture and Philosophy

419 -vi-

Chapter XI. The Twelfth Century 428

Chapter XII. The Thirteenth Century 441

Chapter XIII. Saint Thomas Aquinas 452

Chapter XIV. Franciscan Schoolmen 463

Chapter XV. The Eclipse of the Papacy 476

BOOK THREE. MODERN PHILOSOPHY Part I. From the Renaissance to Hume

491 Chapter I. General Characteristics

491 Chapter II. The Italian Renaissance

495 Chapter III. Machiavelli

504 Chapter IV. Erasmus and More

512 Chapter V. The Reformation and CounterReformation

522 Chapter VI. The Rise of Science

525 Chapter VII. Francis Bacon

541 Chapter VIII. Hobbes's Leviathan

546 Chapter IX. Descartes

557 Chapter X. Spinoza

569 Chapter XI. Leibniz

581 Chapter XII. Philosophical Liberalism

596 Chapter XIII. Locke's Theory of Knowledge

604 Chapter XIV. Locke's Political Philosophy

Chapter XXIV. Schopenhauer 753

Chapter XXV. Nietzsche 760

Chapter XXVI. The Utilitarians 773

Chapter XXVII. Karl Marx 782

Chapter XXVIII. Bergson 791

Chapter XXIX. William James 811

Chapter XXX. John Dewey 819

Chapter XXXI. The Philosophy of Logical Analysis 828

Index 837

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