Rogers & Frantz (1961)

Rogers & Frantz (1961)

One of the principles of the Sociocultural Level of Analysis is that humans are social beings with a fundamental need to belong. Part of this need to belong is shown in our conformity to social norms. Norms give us feelings of connectedness. New members to a group learn how to speak, what thoughts and feelings are appropriate, and how to act. Following these norms allows people to find a role within a group and experience a sense of belonging. By adopting group norms we demonstrate our commitment to the group and our pride in "who we are." Psychologists say that the group has a normative influence on its members.

In virtually every society, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, regardless of ethnicity, are seen as ignorant, lazy, dirty and untrustworthy. The social roles of individuals shape stereotypes. Economic, political and historical factors create social roles which are assigned to certain groups. By ignoring the effects of the roles and attributing behaviour to dispositional factors, stereotypes are formed. New members to the group conform to their new social role and adopt the stereotypes that are the norm.

When most people move to the Czech Republic, they have no stereotypes about the Roma people. The Roma, often referred to as gypsies, are a socioeconomically disadvantaged ethnic group that have a long history of discrimination in Europe. Someone moving from Australia or Columbia to the Czech Republic probably does not have any preconceived stereotypes of this ethnic group. After living in the Czech Republic, many expatriates adopt the prevailing stereotypes of the majority Czech population about the Roma people even though they do not have any personal experience with the Roma people themselves.

In 1961 Rogers & Frantz carried out a study to see if people new to Zimbabwe then called Rhodesia would adopt the stereotypes and feelings of prejudice about the local African population.

Design & Procedure

Rogers & Frantz wanted to test the hypothesis that in South Rhodesia (today's Zimbabwe) the attitudes of European settlers about Africans would be inversely correlated to the amount of time that they had lived in the country that is, as the length of their residence increased, race attitudes would become more "conservative." The researchers defined conservatism as wanting to maintain a system of racial segregation.

The sample consisted of 500 White Europeans aged 20 and over, living in Rhodesia

for a period of less than five years to over forty years. The sample was a stratified sample according to sex, country of birth, age and length of residence. There were eight other variables that were accounted for in the demographics of the sample, including level of income and occupation. It was felt by the researchers that the sample was highly representative of the local white community.

The method was a survey containing sixtysix examples of laws and customs in which White Europeans and Africans were treated differently this included the use of racially segregated lands, lack of political representation, the use of public facilities, and crossracial sexual relations. Four response choices were provided with 0 for it is very important to maintain the current system, 2 for a weak feeling of importance, 4 is for a preference for discontinuing the law and 6 for is very important to discontinue the law. This was a Likert Scale survey but with only four options, which makes gravitation toward the mean less likely that is, when five options are given, participants tend to choose option "3" unless they have strong opinions.

Results

The mean score of the sample was 2.45 (SD 1.12) illustrating that the majority of Europeans in Southern Rhodesia favoured the retention of the status quo. 348 of the 500 participants (almost 70 percent) fell below a mean score of 3.00.

Age, sex, district of residence and income were not found to be statistically correlated with attitudes about race in any significant way. Significant statistical correlations were found between the Europeans' country of birth, occupation, length of schooling, religious affiliation, political party preference and length of residence in Southern Rhodesia.

The Europeans who support the status quo least strongly were those who had been living in Southern Rhodesia for fewer than five years.

To evaluate the significance of the correlation between length of residence and "conservatism," a correlation was calculated and the level of significance was p < 0.001

The scores indicate that new arrivals would inevitably change their attitudes over time. In other words, they would modify their beliefs and attitudes in the direction of the norm of the European population. For example, compared to newcomers, residents who were there for 5 9 years were 27% more conservative about maintaining segregated social and recreational facilities. It appears that the stereotypes and attitudes about the African population were integrated into the identities of the newcomers as they began to identify with their new group and accept their new "social role."

Critical thinking

Although this study supports the idea that we conform to social roles and thus stereotype or develop attitudes toward outgroups, there are, of course, strengths and

limitations to this study.

First, the sample was very large and highly representative. This means that it is highly likely that this could be generalized to the remaining members of this population without any problem. However, because this is qualitative in nature, it is questionable to what extent this study could be transferred to other situations. For example, could we apply this research to people moving to the United States, the Czech Republic or Singapore? The answer is that research in the US has supported the argument that we adopt the stereotypes about outgroups that are held by our ingroup.

One of the limitations of this study is that it was not longitudinal it was cross sectional. Therefore, the researchers cannot determine whether individuals' attitudes changed over time.

In addition, considering that the scores could range from 0 6, a standard deviation of 1.12 means that there was a lot of variation within the sample.

As admitted by the researchers, other factors besides length of residency play a complimentary role in developing attitudes about the outgroup. It is impossible to isolate these factors and determine how they interact.

Lastly, when people answer a survey, they may present a stronger opinion than they would if they were put into an authentic situation and observed. A person may check that they support having racially segregated parks, but when they actually see someone of another race in a park, would they act to have them removed? Would they be upset? Or are they simply saying what is "collective wisdom" (in this case, collective racism) without really thinking about how this would affect their behaviour?

All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. Any unauthorised copying or posting of materials on other websites is an infringement of our copyright and could result in your account being blocked and legal action being taken against you.

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download