Center for the Study of Communication & the Deaf, Boston ...
Center for the Study of Communication & the Deaf, Boston University
Metalinguistic skills and vocabulary knowledge in
ASL synonyms and antonyms in Deaf children
Robert J. Hoffmeister, Phd & Rebecca McVey, EdM Research Question: Are there differences in metalinguistic skills in the error patterns of Deaf Children with Deaf Parents (DCDP) versus Deaf Children with Hearing Parents (DCHP)?
What This Study Hoped to Explore
Vocabulary knowledge is one window into furthering our understanding of metalinguistic awareness in language knowledge. Like any natural language that serves communicative needs, ASL has many synonyms and antonyms. To fully learn these forms, Deaf children require interaction with fluent sign language users and the Deaf community, just as the acquisition of fluency in any language requires interaction with its community of users. The task described in this study has been used to
examine the development of synonyms and antonyms in ASL in over 300 Deaf children at two bilingual-bicultural schools for the Deaf in the eastern United States.
There is very little information available on the Deaf children`s ASL vocabulary development and metalinguisitic knowledge compared to research on children`s spoken English development. An understanding of synonym and antonym knowledge in Deaf children has the potential to provide us
with greater insight into both extent and depth of their vocabulary knowledge and the related underlying metalinguisitc skills. The goal of this study is to examine metalinguistic judgments of synonyms and antonyms and the error patterns Deaf children make in ASL in order to determine
vocabulary knowledge.
Hearing Children`s Knowledge of Synonyms/Antonyms
Research confirms that synonym and antonym development is a complex metalinguistic task that requires understanding of the nuances of a language (Stahl, 1999; Charles, Reed & Derryberry,1994).
Yet, it is a skill most children with access to language generally develop naturally. It is related to metalinguistic ability and possibly theory of mind (Doherty and Perner, 1998).
Vocabulary and Deaf Children
Deaf children have been found to have typical conceptual development and often excel at visualspatial tasks compared to hearing peers. Many studies examining metacognitive or metalinguistic
skills in Deaf students have used English tasks, leading to erroneous conclusions about general language knowledge. Research has demonstrated a link between proficiency in ASL (L1) and English reading (L2) skills in Deaf children (Hoffmeister, 2000, 1995; Strong & Prinz, 1997). This evidence supports Cummins`s Common Underlying Proficiency Hypothesis (CUP) which states that interdependence of concepts, skills, and linguistic knowledge make transfer possible between one`s L1 and L2 (Cummins 1979, 2000). It has been shown that students with stronger ASL skills are also stronger writers (Singleton, Morgan, DiGello, Wiles, & Rivers, 2004), and better readers (Mayberry, Waters, & Chamberlain, 2001). Mayberry et al. (2001) suggest that the bilingual Deaf students are more prepared to encounter new linguistic structures in their second
language than those students who do not have a firm linguistic foundation in ASL.
Metalinguistic Skills in Deaf Children
Deaf children are often tested using language tasks that have not been developed using natural properties of signed languages, which have led to erroneous conclusions about their language knowledge because these tasks do not test the children`s actual linguistic capabilities. Due to these poorly designed tasks, previous studies on synonymy in Deaf children have falsely concluded that Deaf children are delayed in their metalinguistic abilities and have have "impoverished semantic representationsz which resulted from "impoverished educational experiencesz that led to a lack of word knowledge (Strassman, Kretschmer, & Billsky, 1987, cited in Davey & Kind, 1990, p.229; Borman, Stoefen-Fisher, Taylor, Draper, Niederklein, 1988). These beliefs, based
on English word acquisition, were erroneously extended to Deaf children`s general language knowledge. For too long Deaf children have been labeled as not having vocabulary or metalinguisitic
knowledge and these findings have been used as a factor to support the concept of cognitive and language delay.
Special Thanks
We would like to acknowledge the work and support of the many colleagues too many to name here, who have contributed to our work:.
In addition, we would like to thank the students and staff at The Learning Center for Deaf Children, Framingham, MA, and the Scranton State School for the Deaf, Scranton, PA for their participation and collaboration.
We especially thank the Deaf students who have showed us that they are resilient, knowledgeable, and forthcoming. They have taught us a great deal about language learning and its impact on achievement.
Methodology
Subjects:
Ages
4-5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
DCHP 9 17 10 12 25 20 8 18 20 12 26 15 26 22 19
DCDP 3
3 1 6 4 5 3 4 6 10 7 5 5 6 2
Total 12 20 11 18 29 25 11 22 26 22 33 20 31 28 21
Total 259 70 329
! 329 Deaf students between 4 and 19 years of age. ! 70 DCDP ( 22%) and 359 DCHP (78%) ! All subjects enrolled at two bilingual/bicultural schools for the
Deaf in the eastern United States. ! The median chronological age (CA) was 12.7. The subjects were
divided into "younger" and "older" groups based on this median age for the statistical analysis.
Testing Procedures: ! Part of the the American Sign Language Assessment Instrument
(ASLAI), (Hoffmeister, Greenwald, Bahan, & Cole, 1989) ! Receptive metalinguistic judgment task for ASL vocabulary ! Synonym task has 15 multiple-choice questions (4 items) ! Antonym task has 14 multiple-choice questions (4 items) ! For each question, students saw the stimulus item on video, then a
fade, followed by a sequence of four response choices. ! Subjects must choose the item that best reflects the
synonym/antonym to the stimulus. ! An example of a question from the response booklet (used by
children 8 and under) is below:
Coding/Analysis:
0=correct re s p o n s e 1=phonological to prompt 2=phonological to correct respons e 3=semantic 4=both phonological and semantic 5=nonsense foil 6= no response (x) or multipl e
Each response frame was chosen to either represent the correct answer or act as a phonological, semantic or nonsense foil.
Using the numeric codes, the data accumulated from the 329 subjects was analyzed to determine trends in patterns of incorrect response across the test based on subgroups related to age and parental hearing status.
Results
Synonyms
As the students increased in age, their knowledge of ASL synonyms improved. However, the average score for children
with hearing parents (DCHP) never passed the score achieved by even the 7-8 year old children with Deaf
parents (DCDP). While overall, subjects selected semantic foils most frequently, DCHP, particularly those below the
median age of 12.7, were more likely to select foils that were both phonological and semantic in nature. Older DCDP
were likely to select errors that were phonologically related to the correct response, while older DCHP were
more likely to select nonsense foils. In fact, the older DCDP group never selected the nonsense foils. Synonyms Average Correct By Age Category
Number Correct
15 14 13 12 11 10
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
4-6
7-8
9-10
11-12 Age Categories
13-14
15-16
17-19
DCDP DCHP
Antonyms
The antonyms task appeared to be more difficult than the synonyms task for both DCDP and DCHP, contrary to data on hearing subjects (Stahl, 1999). As expected, the DCDP consistently outperformed the DCHP and, as with the synonyms task, the DCHP never had an average score higher than the average score of the 7-8 year old DCDP. In this
test, the most frequent error type was semantic, followed by the foils that are both semantically and phonologically related, as with the synonyms task. It seemed that when subjects were not sure of the answer they were more prone to find something semantically related to the prompt, despite the fact that it often bordered
on synonymy.
Number Correct
14 13 12 11 10
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Antonym Average Correct by Age Category
4-6
7-8
9-10
11-12
13-14
Age Categories
15-16
17-19
DCDP DCHP
Overall Error Analysis
In general across both of the synonym and antonym tasks, there was a significant Age X Parental Status interaction (F=5.5:df=1/325:p ................
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