Brandon Gillette



Philosophy 148 Take Home #1NAME__________________1. A belief is worth accepting if…a. It is consistent with our needsb. It has not been proven wrongc. It is accepted by our peersd. We have good reasons to accept it2. An assertion that something is or is not the case is known as a(n)…a. Predicateb. Premisec. Argumentd. Claim3. Statements backed by good reasons are…a. To be believed with certaintyb. Worthy of strong acceptancec. Beyond doubtd. Deserving of weak acceptance4. A group of statements in which some of them (the premises) are intended to support another of them (the conclusion) is known as a(n)…a. Chain argumentb. Claimc. Argumentd. Reason5. Words that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present are known as…a. Indicator wordsb. Premisesc. Indicator verbsd. Argument components6. The function of an explanation is to try to…a. Prove that a statement is trueb. Show why or how something is the way it isc. Show that something is the cased. Show that a statement is in dispute7. Critical thinking concerns…a. Determining the cause of our beliefsb. Pinpointing the psychological basis of our beliefsc. Determining the quality of our beliefsd. Assessing the practical impact of our beliefs8. A claim is…a. A question or exclamationb. An affirmation of prior beliefsc. An assertion that something is or is not the cased. An assertion that is neither true nor false9. The statements (reasons) given in support of another statement are called…a. An argumentb. The conclusionc. The premisesd. The complement10. In most extended argumentative passages. . . a. Premises and conclusions make up a large portion of the total wordage.b. Premises and conclusions make up only a small portion of the total wordage. c. Premises and conclusions are usually clearly labeled. d. Premises and conclusions are equal in number. 11. Critical thinking helps us defend against…a. The need to thinkb. Practical considerationsc. Error, manipulation, and prejudiced. Understanding and learning12. A premise is…a. An unwarranted conclusionb. A questionc. An argumentd. A statement13. Statements should be believed when…a. Most other people believe themb. They are backed by good reasonsc. They are vagued. They are supported by strong feelings14. These two statements—“The Wall Street Journal says that people should invest heavily in stocks. Therefore, investing in stocks is a smart move.”—constitute. . . a. No argumentb. An explanationc. An argumentd. Two conclusions15. An explanation tells us…a. Why or how something is the caseb. That something is the casec. That a claim should be acceptedd. Why an argument should be believed 16. This sentence—“Going to war in Iraq was a mistake”—is an example of…a. An argumentb. An argument with an implied premisec. A premise back by reasonsd. A statement17. This sentence—“Don’t believe anything the president says”—is…a. A statementb. Not a statementc. An argumentd. An explanation18. Why is it important to critically examine your beliefs?19. How does an explanation differ from an argument?20. What is the difference between sentences that do and do not express statements? 21. Category 1 obstacles to critical thinking are those that come into play because of …a. Logical considerationsb. Physical impedimentsc. Psychological factorsd. Deductive concerns22. We push our self-interested thinking too far when we…a. Use inductive reasoningb. Reject claims after examining themc. Accept claims for no good reasond. Think for ourselves23. Philosopher Bertrand Russell claimed that the passionate holding of an opinion is a sure sign of…a. Critical thinkingb. Careful evaluation of evidencec. A lack of reasons to support the opiniond. A deference to the opinions of others24. A common flaw in reasoning is the failure to consider evidence or arguments that…a. Do not support preferred claims or positionsb. Support preferred evidence or argumentsc. Are familiar or predictabled. We have held previously 25. Drawing conclusions about people based on their group affiliation without sufficient reasons is known as…a. Appeal to common practice b. Appeal to traditionc. Peer pressured. Stereotyping 26. Normative Subjective relativism is the idea that …a. Truth is relative to societiesb. Truth depends on what someone believes c. There is a way the world isd. Some objective truths are about our subjective states27. Self-interest alone…a. Cannot establish the truth of a claimb. Cannot be controlledc. Cannot affect our thinkingd. Cannot affect our motivations and desires28. According to normative social relativism, the beliefs of a society…a. Cannot be trueb. Cannot be falsec. Cannot be mistakend. Can be mistaken29. For critical thinkers, the best way to deal with group pressure is to. . . a. Proportion your belief to the strength of reasonsb. Proportion your belief to the strength of group influencec. Reject claims endorsed by groups d. Accept only claims endorsed by preferred groups30. Seeming to see distinct images in vague visual stimuli is a form of… a. Hypnogogic imageryb. Pareidoliac. Paranoia d. Relativism31. Research shows that memories…a. Are highly reliableb. Are unalterablec. Are not exact copies of past eventsd. Are reliable among eyewitnesses32. The best way to ensure that we get the whole story about a topic in the news is to…a. Read a variety of newspapers, newsmagazines, opinion journals, and websitesb. Read only material that supports our point of viewc. Ignore news reports that conflict with our political viewsd. Seek out only evidence that we find reassuring 33. Prejudice is …a. A belief or opinion that most people disagree withb. A judgment or opinion that no one agrees withc. A judgment or opinion based on insufficient reasonsd. A traditional belief 34. Normative Social relativism implies that…a. Societies are often wrongb. Societies are intolerantc. Societies benefit from critical thinkingd. Societies are infallible 35. Normative Subjective relativism …a. Promotes toleranceb. Is self-defeating c. Cannot be criticizedd. Is objective36. A guideline that can help you escape self-interested thinking is… a. Watch out when things get personalb. Tell people what they want to hearc. Be alert to ways that critical thinking can be underminedd. Ensure that nothing has been left out37. A set of fundamental ideas that helps us make sense of a wide range of important issues in life is known as a(n)…a. Prejudiceb. Dutyc. Inferenced. Worldview38. How might a critical thinker counteract the phenomenon of selective attention?39. How does the notion that we each create our own reality involve a logical contradiction? 40. According to the text, what influence might face-saving have on your thinking?41. A deductive argument is intended to provide…a. Probable support for its conclusionb. Persuasive support for its conclusionc. Logically conclusive support for its conclusiond. Tentative support for its conclusion42. A deductive argument that succeeds in providing logically conclusive support is said to be… a. Strongb. Probabilistic c. Invalidd. Valid43. An inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable support for its conclusion is said to be…a. Strongb. Validc. Invalidd. Weak44. A valid argument that has true premises is said to be…a. Strongb. Soundc. Cogent d. Probable45. A valid argument cannot have…a. True premises and a false conclusionb. False premises and a false conclusionc. False premises and a true conclusiond. True premises and a true conclusion 46. The first step in uncovering implicit premises is to search for a credible premise that would make the argument …a. Strongb. Complete c. Validd. Plausible47. The argument pattern known as modus ponens is …a. Invalidb. Strongc. Validd. Weak48. Modus ponens has this argument pattern… a. If p, then q. q. Therefore, p.b. If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.c. Either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q.d. If p, then q. p. Therefore, q.49. The invalid argument form known as affirming the consequent has this pattern: a. If p, then q. Not p. Therefore, not q.b. Either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q.c. If p, then q. p. Therefore, q.d. If p, then q. q. Therefore, p.50. The invalid argument form known as denying the antecedent has this pattern:a. If p, then q. p. Therefore, q.b. If p, then q. q. Therefore, p.c. If p, then q. Not p. Therefore, not q.d. If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.51. This classic argument—“All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal”—is… a. Inductively strongb. Deductively cogent c. Deductively invalidd. Deductively valid52. An argument with this form—“If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r”—is known as… a. Modus tollensb. Hypothetical syllogism c. Modus ponens d. Disjunctive syllogism53. An argument with this form—“Either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q”—is known as… a. Disjunctive syllogismb. Hypothetical syllogism c. Modus tollensd. Dual syllogism54. This argument—“If Buffalo is the capital of New York, then Buffalo is in New York. Buffalo is in New York. Therefore, Buffalo is the capital of New York”—is an example of. . . a. Denying the antecedentb. Disjunctive syllogismc. Affirming the antecedentd. Affirming the consequent55. This argument—“If Einstein invented the steam engine, then he’s a great scientist. Einstein did not invent the steam engine. Therefore, he is not a great scientist”—is an example of. . . a. Affirming the consequentb. Affirming the antecedentc. Denying the antecedentd. Denying the consequent56. This argument—“If there is a tax cut this year, the deficit will rise. There has already been a tax cut. The deficit is sure to rise”—is…a. Soundb. Validc. Invalidd. Weak57. This argument—“If you’re eighteen, you’re eligible to vote. But you’re only seventeen. You’re not eligible to vote”—is…a. Invalidb. Strongc. Validd. Weak58. What is the difference between a deductive argument’s truth and its validity? How are these two related?59. Diagram: (1) Most atheists are liberals, and (2) George is an atheist. Therefore, (3) George is probably a liberal. (4) Therefore, George is probably in favor of increased welfare benefits (5) because most liberals are in favor of increased welfare benefits.60. Diagram: Conclusion: (1) [The] position is certainly untenable. Premises: (2) The first thing that must occur to anyone studying normative moral subjectivism [the view that the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the beliefs of an individual or group] seriously is that the view allows the possibility that an action can be both right and not right, or wrong and not wrong, etc. (3) This possibility exists because, as we have seen, the subjectivist claims that the moral character of an action is determined by individual subjective states; and these states can vary from person to person, even when directed toward the same action on the same occasion. (4) Hence one and the same action can evidently be determined to havesimultaneouslyradically different moral characters… ................
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