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The Effects of the Introduction of Tuition on College Enrollment in Germany: Results from a Natural Experiment

With Special Reference to Students from Low Parental Education Backgrounds by

Anna J. Kroth

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Higher Education) at the University of Michigan 2015

Doctoral Committee: Professor Stephen L. DesJardins, Co-Chair Professor Brian P. McCall, Co-Chair Associate Professor Kai S. Cortina Professor Hans Anand Pant, Humboldt Universit?t zu Berlin, Germany

?Anna Kroth All rights reserved

2015

To my parents ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my dissertation committee, Stephen DesJardins, Brian McCall, Kai Cortina, and Hans Anand Pant for invaluable advising and support. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been priceless. I would like to thank the faculty and staff of the School of Education at the University of Michigan. All of you have supported me in countless ways during my graduate studies. I also would like to thank Susan Dynarski, Brad Hershbein , Kai Maaz and Brady West for very helpful feedback and the DZHW, in particular Christoph Heine and Heiko Quast for letting me use their data. I am also greatly indebted to my employers at the Institute for Educational Quality Improvement (IQB) at Humboldt University Berlin and the Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) for their support while I was writing my dissertation. Furthermore I would like to thank Ben Beckett, Roisin Cronin, Teresa Go, and Christa Vogelius for irreplaceable editing help. The financial support of the Grant Program for Empirical Educational Research funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research and the College for Interdisciplinary Educational Research is also gratefully acknowledged. A special thanks to my friends and family who supported me in writing, and incented me to strive towards my goal. Finally, I would like express appreciation to my parents. Words cannot express how grateful I am to them for their encouragement, love and support. This dissertation is dedicated to them.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication

ii

Acknowledgements

iii

List of Tables

vii

List of Figures

viii

List of Appendices

ix

Abstract

x

Chapter 1

Introduction

1

Prior research

2

Relevance of research on tuition effects in the European context

3

Theoretical perspectives on the enrollment effects of tuition

5

Research questions

7

Methodology

7

Chapter 2

Higher Education, College Financing and Financial Aid in Germany

11

The System of Higher Education in Germany

11

Structure

11

Enrollment rates and access rules

12

Social disparities in access to higher education

13

The vocational education system

16

College Costs and Financial Aid in Germany

17

College costs

17

Financial aid

17

Student loans.

19

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