PRD I - WET - World Bank



-35858948895Energy Saving MANAGEMENT ACTION PLANforLiaoning Safe & SUSTAINABLE URBAN Water SUPPLY PROJECT00Energy Saving MANAGEMENT ACTION PLANforLiaoning Safe & SUSTAINABLE URBAN Water SUPPLY PROJECT November 2017AcknowledgementsThe financial and technical support by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is gratefully acknowledged. ESMAP―a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the World Bank―assists low- and middle-income countries to increase their know-how and institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth.?ESMAP is funded by Australia, Austria, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, the Rockefeller Foundation, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the World Bank. For more information, please visit .The report was prepared by Chi Rong Huang (P.E., Senior Consultant to the World Bank). The Task Team Leader (TTL) for the study is Khairy Al-Jamal (Senior Infrastructure Specialist from Water Global Practice, World Bank Group) and co-TTL Sing (Terry) Cho (Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist, Water Global Practice, World Bank Group).Special and sincere thanks go to those who have contributed a great amount of effort getting the pilot testing programs executed as planned and collected all testing results for the potential energy savings from all WSCs of Anshan, Fushun, Fuxin, Gaizhou and Shenyang. Without their dedication and responsive action, all the necessary assessments, evaluations, and analyses in this report would not be supported by so much valuable data and information. Only this committed assistance permitted the eventual provision of a concise management action plan for saving energy.TABLE OF CONTENTS TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PAGEREF _Toc497937592 \h 71BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE PAGEREF _Toc497937593 \h 111.1INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc497937594 \h 111.2BACKGROUND PAGEREF _Toc497937595 \h 111.3OBJECTIVES PAGEREF _Toc497937596 \h 152WORK PLAN AND APPROACHES PAGEREF _Toc497937597 \h 172.1WORK PLAN AND SCHEDULES PAGEREF _Toc497937598 \h 172.2APPROACHES AND ACTIVITIES PAGEREF _Toc497937599 \h 193ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT CONDITIONS PAGEREF _Toc497937600 \h 233.1Company Profiles PAGEREF _Toc497937601 \h 233.2Power Usages PAGEREF _Toc497937602 \h 273.3NRW status PAGEREF _Toc497937603 \h 304ESTIMATED TARGETS AND VALIDATION PAGEREF _Toc497937604 \h 334.1SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED TARGETS PAGEREF _Toc497937605 \h 334.1.1Targets of NRW Reduction PAGEREF _Toc497937606 \h 344.1.2Targets of Energy Saving PAGEREF _Toc497937607 \h 374.1.3Basic Information of Estimated Targets PAGEREF _Toc497937608 \h 394.2VALIDATION PAGEREF _Toc497937609 \h 394.2.1Pilot Testing Programs PAGEREF _Toc497937610 \h 404.2.2Results of Pilot Testing PAGEREF _Toc497937611 \h 424.3COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS PAGEREF _Toc497937612 \h 434.4MANAGEMENT ACTION PLANS PAGEREF _Toc497937613 \h 465SUMMARIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS PAGEREF _Toc497937614 \h 485.1SUMMARIES PAGEREF _Toc497937615 \h 485.2RECOMMENDATIONS PAGEREF _Toc497937616 \h 51List of Tables TOC \h \z \t "ARAconsult-Tab" \c Table 1-1 Summary of GDP and Population in Liaoning and Project Cities PAGEREF _Toc497937629 \h 15Table 3-1 Basic Information of All WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937630 \h 23Table 3-2 NRW Status and Pressure Setting for All WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937631 \h 24Table 3-3 Historical Power Usage, Electricity Fees and O&M Costs for All WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937632 \h 25Table 3-4 Average Power Usage, Electricity Fees and O&M Costs for All WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937633 \h 26Table 3-5 Historical Power Usages for All WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937634 \h 29Table 3-6 Historical NRWs for All WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937635 \h 31Table 3-7 Categories of NRW in 2016 for All WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937636 \h 32Table 4-1 Targets of NRW Reduction in Various Categories, % PAGEREF _Toc497937637 \h 34Table 4-2 Annual NRW Reduction for all WSCs, % PAGEREF _Toc497937638 \h 36Table 4-3 Annual Water Saving for all WSCs, m3/year PAGEREF _Toc497937639 \h 37Table 4-4 Annual Energy Saving Targets for All WSCs, kW-h/year PAGEREF _Toc497937640 \h 37Table 4-5 Projections of Water Produced and Water Sold for all WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937641 \h 38Table 4-6 Estimates of Energy Consumption per Unit Water Sold for WSCs, kW-h/m3 PAGEREF _Toc497937642 \h 38Table 4-7 Summary of Rehabilitation Works for All WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937643 \h 39Table 4-8 Representative Case Studies and To-be-Rehabilitated Project Components PAGEREF _Toc497937644 \h 41Table 4-9 Summary of Communities and Secondary BPSs To-be-Rehabilitated PAGEREF _Toc497937645 \h 42Table 4-10 Estimated Deviation for Scenarios of Case Studies PAGEREF _Toc497937646 \h 43Table 4-11 Estimate of ROIs for Secondary BPSs To-be-Rehabilitated PAGEREF _Toc497937647 \h 45Table 4-12 Estimate of ROIs for CSP To-be-Rehabilitated PAGEREF _Toc497937648 \h 45Table 4-14 Relevant Management Action Plans for Sceondary BPSs To-be-Rehabilitated PAGEREF _Toc497937649 \h 47Table 4-15 Relevant Management Action Plans for CSPs To-be-Rehabilitated PAGEREF _Toc497937650 \h 47List of Figures TOC \f \h \z \t "Figure,1" Figure 1-1 Performance of NRW (Top and Bottom Five Provinces) in China PAGEREF _Toc497937694 \h 15Figure 1-2 Geographical Locations of Liaoning and Five Project Cities PAGEREF _Toc497937695 \h 15Figure 1-3 Per Capita GDP for all Project Cities PAGEREF _Toc497937696 \h 16Figure 2-1 Cycling Process for Working Plan and Approach PAGEREF _Toc497937697 \h 19Figure 3-1 Historical Basic Operational Indicators for all WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937699 \h 27Figure 3-2 Percentages of Major Power Usage for all WSCs PAGEREF _Toc497937700 \h 31Figure A-1 Typical Pump Curve for Centrifugal Pump PAGEREF _Toc497937701 \h 85Figure A-2 Characteristics of Multiple Pump Curves PAGEREF _Toc497937702 \h 85List of AppendixesAppendix IDetailed Approaches and MethodologiesAppendix IISample QuestionnairesAppendix IIIRepresentative Photos of Field Visit to All WSCsAppendix IVBasic Information of WSCsAppendix V-1Estimates of Historical NRW BreakdownsAppendix V-2Historical Power Usage and Percentage EstimatesAppendix VIDetailed Breakdown of estimated targetsAppendix VIICase Studies of Rehabilitated and To-be-RehabilitatedAppendix VIIIMonitoring Data of Case Studies for RehabilitationAppendix IXDesign Considerations for Pumping StationAbbreviations and AcronymsBPS–booster pumping stationCCR–central control roomCSP–community service pipelinesDI–design instituteDMA–district metering areaESMAP–Energy Sector Management Assistance ProgramEnergy Saving Management Action PlanFSR–feasibility study reportGDP–gross domestic productGHG–greenhouse gasGIS–geographic information systemMoHURD–Ministry of Housing, Urban-Rural DevelopmentNRW–non-revenue waterO&M–operations and maintenancePBC–performance based contractPPMO–provincial project management officeROI–return on investmentTA–technical assistanceVFD–variable frequency driveWSC–water supply companyWSP–water supply plantWWTP–wastewater treatment plantEXECUTIVE SUMMARYChina’s rapid economic development has also resulted in natural resource depletion. In response, China has intended to improve its energy efficiency, control energy consumption, and reduce pollutant discharge through a series of related policies, since 1986. All efforts were trying to speed up a transition to the use of energy-saving technologies, adjust energy intensive industrial production structures and reduce the number of high-energy consumers. Later in 1997 and 2000, National People’s Congress, National Development and Reform Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission adopted and promulgated the relevant laws and directives to strengthen energy saving management, improve energy efficiency, promote the rational use of electric energy, reform the energy structure, and ensure sustainable development of the economy.Since then, a series of regulations and circulars were inaugurated or announced for better energy management, especially for certain industries with high energy consumptions and those that needed to improve the efficiency of power use in production, such as efficiency of boilers, furnaces, and other high power-using equipment, etc. Reduction of production waste has also been aggressively promoted to save energy. In recent years, efforts have also focused on energy saving improvements in commercial buildings and housing development projects. BACKGROUNDSince the late 1980s, thousands of municipal water supply plants (WSPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been constructed in China to cope with rising water demand and wastewater generation. Water supply and wastewater treatment facilities around the world consume significant amount of energy and contribute to large quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Typically, the costs of power consumption are a significant portion of the total operations and maintenance (O&M) costs for most municipal WSPs and WWTPs in China. It is anticipated that energy costs will gradually increase, mainly due to more stringent environmental regulations for power supply as well as the associated labor cost increases as living standards rise with continued economic development in China. For water supply companies (WSCs), power consumption is mainly driven by the pumping required for water intake and water distribution. It is clear that the majority of water distribution pipelines are pressurized systems that require significant energy. Another issue is the high levels of?non-revenue water (NRW) – i.e. huge volumes of water lost through leaks, not billed, or inefficiently managed. This is also a waste of the energy used to pump and treat water supplies. Finding an effective way to reduce NRW can significantly improve the performance of public water utilities. Once NRW is reduced, energy efficiency is improved, GHG emissions are reduced, and the financial performance of providers improves concurrently.Prior to economic reforms in the late 1970s in China, Liaoning was one of the country’s major industrial centers, focusing on heavy industry and mining; and the province was one of China’s most urbanized provinces. By 2016, Liaoning had a total population of 43.75 million, ranking 14th in China, of which 67.4% lived in urban areas. The Government of China has prioritized the rejuvenation of the northeast provinces, including Liaoning Province.A new law, CJJ92-2016 “Loss Control and Evaluation Standard for Urban Water Supply Network” was announced in 2016 and specifically sets a target for NRW reduction. Consequently, Liaoning Provincial Government has issued a similar law for all cities in Liaoning to fulfill such requirements. Both Central Government and Provincial government laws set aggressive targets for NRW at 20% and 15% by 2017 and 2020, respectively for all WSCs.In order to cope with the newly inaugurated law and regulation by the Chinese Central Government, particularly for NRW reduction and associated energy saving, Liaoning is gearing up to obtain a World Bank loan for five of its cities. These five cities include the provincial capital (Shenyang), three municipality (Anshan, Fushun and Fuxin) and the county-level city Gaizhou (under Yinkou City). The proposed development objectives of this project are to improve water quality and operational efficiency of selected water utilities in the project areas including development of a NRW reduction plan plus an energy saving plan, considering the existing and planned water supply expansion in Liaoning. These activities will be implemented within the next five years through new lending from the World Bank funded project, the Liaoning Safe and Sustainable Urban Water Supply Project (Project). OBJECTIVEIn order to assist WSCs to better prepare the Project, this technical assistance (TA) activity has been funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program to assist Liaoning provincial project management office (PPMO) and all of the five water supply companies (WSCs) to evaluate their current situation of NRW and energy consumption. These initial self-evaluations and findings, have helped to make further assessments of the right targets for NRW reduction and energy savings for all WSCs under the World Bank loan. The primary objectives of this TA are to assist all of the WSCs to explore potential energy savings under the Project, and also to function as a pilot/demonstration for others to learn or use as reference. Other elements of energy management and NRW reduction, including the distribution system reconfiguration and pressure management, were not pursued in this TA. Further complementary and comprehensive energy management and NRW reduction plans will be developed later under the Project.The key outputs of the TA include a summary of findings and an assessment of achievable targets for both NRW reduction and energy saving. These will also include recommendations to include in current energy saving efforts, or as activities in the future energy saving management action plans (ESMAP) to be developed during the project implementation.WORKING PLAN AND ActivitiesIn accordance with the terms of reference, the main objectives of the TA are to develop effective NRW reduction and energy saving plans for all WSCs. These efforts will consider the planned water supply system expansion for the five project cities in Liaoning to be implemented within the next 5 years through the new World Bank loan project. Major tasks of the TA include: i) conducting workshops to brief participants on the objectives and planned activities of the TA; ii) identification of candidate facilities & equipment for potential energy saving; iii) collecting initial operations data to assess the situation of each WSC; iv) conducting an energy audit of specific energy consumption elements; v) assisting in setting targets for energy savings, including NRW reduction; vi) development of pilot program including database, facilities, areas or equipment and devices; and interview with utility managers; vii) compiling the monitoring data collected, and evaluating the energy savings to be achieved; viii) assessment of results of the pilot testing and development of recommendations for long-term approaches to energy saving; and discussion of findings with utility managers; ix) preparation of draft final report (DFR) and revision as final report; and x) conducting a final workshop in Liaoning to disseminate the findings and recommendationsAssessment OF CURRENT CONDITIONSIn order to demonstrate the overall performance of each WSC, relevant questionnaires were developed to collect the historical and current operation records including basic information of each WSC. Draft questionnaires were initially provided for all WSCs to seek for their feedback, and then used as the basis for discussion with the relevant design institute (DI) to finalize the feasibility study reports (FSRs) and relevant performance indicators for the World Bank loan project preparation. Through several meetings, workshops, and detailed discussions about the historic data collected, questionnaires were finalized for each WSC based on individual characteristics of all WSCs. Based on the collected data, summaries of company profile, NRW status, and energy consumption for all WSCs are described in Section 3.ESTIMATED TARGETS AND VALIDATIONTypically, equipment repair and/or replacement can contribute directly to energy savings, especially for secondary booster pumping stations (BPSs). In addition, the water savings from NRW reduction, have indirect benefits on energy saving, which can be studied and quantified. In this way, targets for NRW reduction and energy saving via the World Bank loan were estimated for each WSC based on their specific context and implementation plans. Yet, certain categories of these potential saving were not easily performed and validated through the pilot testing program. Thus, in order to easily identify and quantify potential savings on water and energy, secondary BPSs and CSP were selected as the major targets for this TA. Using the loan and available counterpart funds, each WSC will develop rehabilitation programs for transmission and distribution pipelines, including the installation or replacement of meters (i.e. replacing malfunctioning meters or installing for non-metered connections). Table E-1 summarizes the NRW reduction targets for all WSCs.Table E-1 Targets of NRW Reduction in Various Categories, % Note: “Water Supply Loss” considers only losses from transmission main and community pipeline Based on the project implementation plan for each WSC, targets of annual NRW reduction are summarized in Table E-2 to layout the planned annual targets in the next five years starting from 2018.Table E-2 Annual NRW Reduction for all WSCs, % Note: These NRW reductions are achieved only via World Bank loanBased on these assumptions, ROIs for both project components of secondary BPSs and CSPs were estimated and are shown in Tables E-3 and E-4. All of the estimated ROIs for all WSCs (and based on the assumptions for estimated CAPEX with OPEX savings) are not as high as expected, mainly due to combination of high CAPEX and low OPEX saving.Table E-3 Estimate of ROIs for Secondary BPSs To-be-RehabilitatedNotes: 1. denotes scenario #1 for system has no residual value after serving 20 years 2. denotes scenario #2 for scenario #1 plus estimated CAPEX 10% less 3. denotes scenario #3 for scenario #2 plus 10% more OPEX saving 4. denotes scenario #4 for scenario #2 plus 20% more OPEX savingTable E-4 Estimate of ROIs for CSP To-be-RehabilitatedNotes: 1. denotes scenario #1 for system has no residual value after serving 30 years 2. denotes scenario #2 for scenario #1 plus estimated CAPEX 10% less 3. denotes scenario #3 for scenario #2 plus 10% more OPEX saving 4. denotes scenario #4 for scenario #2 plus 20% more OPEX savingIn order to ensure that all of the proposed investments can be implemented as planned, certain activities should be organized parallel to the Project preparation. According to the current conditions of each WSC and their future plans, relevant management action plans have been proposed and are shown in Tables E-5 and E-6. In addition, all WSCs should look into capacity building for all these activities during the project implementation, especially for the staffing development plan, in order to facilitate these elements with high efficiencies.Table E-5 Relevant Management Action Plans for Sceondary BPSs To-be-RehabilitatedNote: "vu" denotes very urgent; "u" denotes urgent; and "mu" denotes moderately urgent in the action plan priority recommendationsTable E-6 Relevant Management Action Plans for CSPs To-be-RehabilitatedNote: "vu" denotes very urgent; "u" denotes urgent; and "mu" denotes moderately urgent SummarY of Findings AND RecommendationsBased on the historical data assessment, field visits to the existing WSPs, secondary BPSs and communities rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated, and meetings with relevant personnel at each of the WSCs, a summary of the general challenges and issues to be addressed include the following: i) high NRW per historical data; ii) pressure settings affecting secondary BPSs; iii) existing conditions of CSP; iv) major energy consumptions for WSCs; v) inadequate pressure management; vi) lack of attention to leak detection; vii) jurisdiction of CSP and secondary BPSs; viii) Inadequate performance of secondary BPSs; ix) poor condition of produced water storage tanks; x) pilot testing programs for both NRW reduction and energy saving; xi) significant numbers of rehabilitation work; xii) cost effectiveness for both NRW reduction and energy saving approaches, etc.In accordance with these findings, the list of general recommendations for all WSCs to make energy-saving improvements in their water supply systems include the following: Perform thorough assessment of historical operation data, and inventory of facilities; Acquire leak detection and monitoring equipment and devices;Continue pilot testing programs; Conduct public awareness and early communication targeting at community households for rehabilitation of CSP; Establish and enforce a DMA program, with flow meters and pressure regulating valves; Develop long-term leak detection and monitoring programs; Establish a program to Optimize NRW reductions; Fine-tune the design and operations of secondary BPSs; Set-up adequate staff training programs; Utilize GIS and hydraulic models to optimize operations; Separate pressure zones and user-pay principle; and Employ Performance-based Contracts in utility procurement.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEINTRODUCTIONMainly due to China’s rapid economic development and the resulting natural resource depletion, China has been aiming to improve energy efficiency, control energy consumption, and reduce pollutant discharges through a series of related policies. In 1986, the Chinese State Council promulgated the “Provisional Regulations on Energy Conservation Management” and the “Blue Book of China's Technical Policy – Energy” to ensure the focus on innovation and energy saving in the national economy. The State Council emphasized the need to strengthen research, development and the promotion of energy saving through the application of new technologies, equipment, and materials. These efforts were expected to speed up a transition to the use of energy saving technologies, adjust energy intensive industrial production structures, and reduce the number of high energy consumers in China.In November 1997, the National People’s Congress adopted the Energy Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China to promote the conservation of energy in society as a whole by improving energy efficiency, protecting and improving the environment, and promoting comprehensive and sustainable social and economic development. The law highlighted energy saving as a long-term strategic policy of national economic development. In March 2000, the China National Development and Reform Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission jointly promulgated the “Measures of Management of Electricity Consumption” to strengthen energy saving management, improve energy efficiency, promote the rational use of electric energy, reform the energy structure, and ensure sustainable economic development. This directive stipulated that power users shall follow the relevant provisions, such as taking economically reasonable, technically feasible, and environmentally sound measures of power conservation, to develop energy conservation planning and consumption goals.Since then, a series of regulations and circulars were inaugurated or announced for better energy management, especially for certain industries with high energy consumption, as well as for those that need to improve the energy efficiency in their production processes (such as efficiency of boilers, furnaces, and other high power usage equipment). Reduction of waste in production has also been aggressively promoted to save energy. In recent years, efforts have also focused on energy saving improvements in commercial buildings and housing development projects. BACKGROUNDSince the late 1980s, thousands of municipal water supply plants (WSPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been constructed to cope with rising water demand and wastewater generation. Total water production for municipalities in China reached 56.05 billion cubic meters (m3) in 2015, with approximately 710,000 kilometers (km) of water distribution pipelines. At the same time, a total of 42.88 billion m3 of municipal wastewater was treated, and 540,000 km of sewer networks were in place – according to the urban and township construction statistical report published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China (MoHURD).Water supply and wastewater treatment facilities around the world consume significant amount of energy and contribute to large quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Typically, the cost of power consumption makes up a significant proportion of the total operations and maintenance (O&M) costs for most municipal WSPs and WWTPs in China. It is anticipated that energy costs will gradually increase due to more stringent environmental regulations for power supply as well as the associated labor cost increases due to living standard adjustments driven by continued economic development in China. For water supply companies (WSCs), power consumption is mainly driven by the pumping required for water intake and water distribution. It is clear that the majority of water distribution pipelines are pressurized systems that require significant energy. Another issue is the high levels of?non-revenue water (NRW) – i.e. huge volumes of water lost through leaks, not billed, or inefficiently managed. This is also a waste of the energy used to pump and treat water supplies. Finding an effective way to reduce NRW can significantly improve the performance of public water utilities. Once NRW is reduced, energy efficiency is improved, GHG emissions are reduced, and the financial performance of providers improves concurrently.Prior to economic reforms in the late 1970s in China, Liaoning was one of the country’s major industrial centers, focusing on heavy industry and mining, and was one of China’s most urbanized provinces. In Liaoning, urban populations settled in a number of medium-sized cities whose economies were anchored around a small number of state-owned industrial and mining enterprises. By 2016, Liaoning had a total population of 43.75 million, ranking 14th in China, of which 67.4% live in urban areas. In recent years, the Government of China has prioritized the rejuvenation of the northeast provinces, including Liaoning Province.Water scarcity is recognized as a growing concern, especially in the northeastern provinces of China. Due to over-extraction and pollution of groundwater, Liaoning has taken strong measures to phase out all groundwater use by 2020. A large project to divert raw water from the Dahuofang Reservoir (located in Fushun, Liaoning) has been developed to facilitate this shift away from groundwater. The Dahuofang Water Diversion Project will supply 1.79 billion m3/year of raw water to the cities of Anshan, Fushun, Liaoyang, Panjin, Shenyang, and Yingkou. In this development, most cities will convert their raw water sources from groundwater to surface water; and as a result, the original water treatment processes will need to be adjusted, and less water intake pumping will be required. These changes will also impact the energy use of the water utilities.Energy costs for water utilities in developing countries, such as China, are typically up to 40% or more of the total cost of O&M. This energy use is predominantly from water intake and distribution pumping requirements. The energy consumption per m3 of water produced for Liaoning WSCs is about 0.51kW-h/m3, which is much higher than the national average of 0.35 kW-h/m3. This is primarily due to high water intake and distribution pumping, but also include factors such as the aging distribution mains and pipelines, as well as inefficiencies in pump operations and inadequate pressure management in the systems. These inefficiencies are all worsened by high levels of non-revenue water (NRW). Based on data analysis in the 2013 Statistics of Urban Water Supply, average NRW in China was 22.5% . For the three provinces in northeastern China, NRW averaged over 30.0%. And in Liaoning, NRW is about 32.0%.China recently inaugurated a new law, CJJ92-2016 “Loss Control and Evaluation Standard for Urban Water Supply Network” in 2016 that specifically set targets for NRW reduction following the “Water Ten Clauses”. Consequently, Liaoning Provincial Government has issued a similar law for all cities in Liaoning to fulfill such requirements. Under both of these laws, the targets for water supply losses (i.e. NRW) are set at 20% by 2017, and 15% by 2020, for all WSCs.Figure 1-1 presents the average NRW of the top five and bottom five provinces in China. Liaoning ranks second to last in the bottom five level. It is apparent that Liaoning must conduct immediate and effective actions to reduce its water losses, not only to achieve its water resource management plan but also to meet the the objectives of the National and Provincial Government’s aggressive targets for NRW reduction.Figure 1-1 Performance of NRW (Top and Bottom Five Provinces) in ChinaIn order to cope with the newly inaugurated law and regulation by the Chinese Central Government, particularly on the NRW reduction and associated energy saving, Liaoning is gearing up to obtain a World Bank loan for five of its cities, ranking from the provincial capital (Shenyang), and three municipalities (Anshan, Fushun, Fuxin), to the county-level city Gaizhou under Yinkou City. Under this project, the proposed development objectives are to improve water quality and operational efficiency of selected water utilities in the project areas including development of a NRW reduction plan plus an energy saving plan, considering existing and planned water supply expansions in Liaoning. These activities will be implemented within the next five years through new lending of the World Bank funded project, the Liaoning Safe and Sustainable Urban Water Supply Project (Project). Geographically, Liaoning is situated in the northeast of China, sharing a border with North Korea to the southeast, Hebei province to the southwest, Inner Mongolia to the northwest and Jilin Province to the northeast. Figure 1-2, shows the five project cities who will utilize the World Bank loan to improve their overall company performance in water and energy saving.Figure 1-2 Geographical Locations of Liaoning and Five Project Cities2225082569313Liaoning00Liaoning25688869175750446786015852714 004 448564010861611 001 51041307140512 002 45415207261165 005 40293866381753 003 Note: Five project cities: [1] Anshan, [2 Fushun], [3] Fuxin, [4] Gaizhou, [5] Shenyang According to basic statistics for Liaoning and the other project-related cities, the population and GDP in 2015 for Liaoning Province and five project cities are listed in Table 1-1. It is obvious that Shenyang is much more economically developed than Anshan, with Fushun and Fuxin falling below Anshan, and Gaizhou is much further behind.Table 1-1 Summary of GDP and Population in Liaoning and Project CitiesAs shown above, five project cities can also be categorized by three administrative levels: the provincial capital (Shenyang), three prefectural cities (Anshan, Fushun and Fuxin), and one county-level city (Gaizhou). Per capita GDP is presented in Figure 1-3 for all project cities, where Shenyang has GDP over the Liaoning average; while Anshan and Fushun have GDP around the Liaoning average, and Fuxin and Gaizhou are below the Liaoning average.Figure 1-3 Per Capita GDP for all Project CitiesOBJECTIVESIt is apparent that none of WSCs under this Project will be able to meet the 2020 requirements per CJJ92-2016. Thus, it is strongly suggested that all WSCs focus on their facility plans and develop engineering projects to meet these requirements with whatever support and/or necessary funds required. The World Bank funded Project helps these cities and their WSCs in their efforts.In order to assist the WSCs to better prepare for the Project, this technical assistance (TA) activity has been funded by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), and is meant to assist Liaoning provincial project management office (PPMO) and all five of the water supply companies (WSCs) to evaluate their current situations of NRW and energy consumption. These initial self-evaluations and findings, have helped to make further assessments of the right targets for NRW reduction and energy savings for all WSCs under the World Bank loan. The primary objectives of this TA are to assist all of the WSCs to explore potential energy savings under the Project, and also to function as a pilot/demonstration for others to learn or use as reference. Other elements of energy management and NRW reduction, including the distribution system reconfiguration and pressure management, were not pursued in this TA. Further complementary and comprehensive energy management and NRW reduction plans will be developed later under the Project.The key outputs of the TA include a summary of findings and an assessment of achievable targets for both NRW reduction and energy saving. These will also include recommendations to include in current energy saving efforts, or as activities in the future energy saving management action plans (ESMAP) to be developed during the project implementation.WORKING PLAN AND ACTIVITIESIn accordance with the terms of reference, the main objective of the TA is to develop effective NRW reduction and energy saving plans for all WSCs. These efforts will consider the planned water supply system expansion for the five project cities in Liaoning that will be implemented within the next five years through the new World Bank loan project. Major tasks of the TA include:conducting workshops to brief participants on the objectives and plans for the TAidentifying candidate facilities and equipment for potential energy savingscollecting initial operation data to assess the situation of each WSCconducting an energy audit of specific energy consumption elementsassisting in setting targets for energy saving, including NRW reductiondeveloping pilot programs, including database, facilities, areas or equipment and devices; and interviewing utility managerscompiling monitoring data collected, and evaluating the potential energy to be savedassessing the results of pilot testing, and developing recommendations for long-term approaches to energy savings; and discussing findings with utility managerspreparing a draft final report (DFR) and revising as a final reportconducting a final workshop in Liaoning to disseminate the findings and recommendationsWORKING PLAN AND SCHEDULESBased on the scope of work for the Liaoning ESMAP TA, relevant work plans for eight milestone functions were developed, including: i) initial and follow-up workshops with field visits; ii) questionnaires development; iii) data collection and assessment; iv) energy auditing and case study site visits; v) pilot testing; vi) data compilation and DFR preparation; and vii) final workshop and DFR finalization; viii) peer review and submission of Final Report. In order to assist all of the WSCs during the TA, which was almost in parallel to the World Bank loan project preparation, extra efforts were provided, e.g. reviewing of feasibility study report (FSR), fine-tuning the targets for energy saving and NRW reduction, and workshop for basic requirements for a decent engineering cost estimates, etc. Details of the methodology and approach for the work plan can be found in Appendix I.Figure 2-1 presents the process cycle for the work plan and the approaches to deliver the TA. Workshops share the ideas and less-learned for delivering the TA. Data collection and assessment, along with site visits help to develop case studies and pilot testing programs for each WSC. All of these activities provide good feed-back toward the next step, and help to achieve the overall TA activities and outcomes. Figure 2-1 Cycling Process for Working Plan and ApproachBrief descriptions of the milestone activities, and the related schedules of the TA are as below:Conduct workshops to brief objectives of TA, plan for identification of facilities, areas and equipment for potential energy savings and NRW reduction opportunity: an initial workshop was conducted on 2 December 2016 for Liaoning PPMO and all five WSCs; a follow-up workshop was conducted on 13 January 2017 to further present the objectives and approach for the TA of ESMAP.Develop a questionnaire to collecting necessary info/data to identify potential energy savings: a questionnaire was developed to solicit basic information of the WSCs, historical operation records, and including estimates of NRW and energy consumption.Conduct site visits and meetings with utility managers for the pilot testing program: initial site visits to all five WSCs, and meetings with the relevant utility managers were conducted in November 2016 to learn the current operation schemes; second site visits to Anshan, Fushun, Shenyang and Fuxin were conducted in March 2017 to confirm all potential case studies for both NRW reduction and energy savings.Conduct a self-evaluation energy audit for major energy consumption elements: questionnaires for basic information and energy consumption records from the major WSPs of all the WSCs were provided in early January 2017; additional feedback was provided and evaluated in early March 2017 and finalized in April 2017.Develop a pilot program for facilities, equipment, and devices: after the site visits and an assessment of the questionnaires, initial pilot testing programs were discussed with all WSCs in March 2017, and historical operation data began to be collected as the baseline for future pilot testing programs; data collected for actual case studies as rehabilitated and to-be rehabilitated for CSP (for NRW reduction) and secondary booster pumping stations (for energy saving) were further evaluated and re-confirmed in April pile monitoring data and evaluate the savings to be achieved: with all NRW reduction and energy saving monitoring data collected from December 2016 to August 2017, assessment of these reductions and savings were summarized to provide the basis for preparing the DFR.Conduct final workshop to disseminate the findings and recommendations: the final workshop was conducted on 21 and 22 September 2017 to disseminate the findings of TA of ESMAP for Liaoning and recommendations related to long-term approach of NRW reduction and energy savings for all WSCs; feedback and findings/recommendations agreed-upon with the Liaoning PPMO and all WSCs were to be summarized in the DFRDraft and revise the TA project final report: a draft final report (DFR) was submitted by 30 September 2017, and then comments from reviewers were addressed by 20 October 2017. The final report was submitted by the end of October 2017.TA ACTIVITIESIn order to meet all objectives of the TA, relevant activities were carried out, including: i) conducting workshops for all WSCs to understand purposes of the TA and their obligations; ii) development of questionnaires and validation of collected info/data; iii) visiting all pilot testing sites for NRW reduction and energy saving; iv) identifying of possible cause of NRWs and potential energy saving; performing pilot testing programs; v) establishing possible scenarios for workable NRW reductions and energy saving; and vi) developing of management action plans and estimating the associated costs and potential GHG effect. Workshops were held on several occasions to present the objectives, roles, and responsibilities for the TA of ESMAP to the Liaoning PPMO and all WSCs. Eventually, the PPMO and WSCs would fulfill the necessary obligations and inputs to assess their existing situations and develop their own project implementation plans, particularly on NRW reduction and energy saving. During the TA, three more workshops were conducted mainly to fine-tune the project scope for proposed project components, engineering cost estimates, potential savings on water and energy, case studies for rehabilitation of CSP and secondary BPSs, and estimates of targets for both NRW reduction and energy saving of the Project, etc. In order to better help each WSC to fulfil their actions and/or activities under the TA, a set of draft questionnaires and instructions was developed as shown in Appendix II. The WSCs would be able to provide all requested data for their facility basic information and historical operational records. Typically, the required information and records were available from routine operational logs and could be retrieved from the management information system within the central control room, except in the case of Gaizhou WSC who has not had such system developed yet.The questionnaire for basic facilities information and historical operations data included: records on water produced and sold; and energy usage of water intake pumping, water treatment, distribution and booster pumping. These questionnaires were provided to each WSC to function as the basis for the ESMAP and the backbone of the related FSRs preparation for the Project. Based on the data, information, and documents provided, workshops, meetings, and discussions were held to solicit general and specific comments from each of the WSC and their municipal engineering design institutes (DIs).In order to identify the possible causes of NRW (particularly pipeline losses), relevant leak detection plans for each WSC were discussed. However, due to inadequate detection equipment, and a lack of experienced technicians to perform such activities, the leak detection results were somewhat unsatisfactory for most of the WSCs. Some WSCs had requested outside help in identifying the potential leaks, yet these results were similarly inconclusive. Thus, the leak detection plans for all WSCs were updated, and specifically outlined new efforts that will be draw from previous lessons-learned as a better and more effective means for future performance.Most WSCs require booster pumping stations in different parts of their systems (geographic conditions of the service area being an important factor). For all WSCs, major booster pumping stations (BPSs) are not only required along the transmission mains (to maintain basic service pressure), but also secondary BPSs can be used to serve single communities or multiple communities in order to meet minimum pressure requirements as stipulated in the relevant design specifications. Typically in China, water supply systems need to provide a minimum pressure of 0.28 MPa (equivalent to 28 meter above grade) to seventh floor of any building compounds.Heated and constructive discussions for two targets, NRW reduction and energy saving, were exchanged with Liaoning PPMO and all WSCs during the TA. In addition, previously rehabilitated cases were presented by Fushun and Anshan WSCs as the key references or guidance for those WSCs who have not conducted much of the existing facility rehabilitation. It is critical for the actual rehabilitated cases of water loss reduction and energy saving to serve as the basis for any new project components, so that the new investment can achieve the goal of Project. This comparison activity of facilities rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated can be used as reference to estimate the overall project targets, namely the total NRW reduction and energy saving via the World Bank loan.Field visits to most WSP facilities and representative BPSs were conducted in November 2016. During the TA, another trip to visit rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated CSPs and BPSs were conducted in March 2017 to ensure the planned World Bank loan can be utilized for more and better outcomes. Representative photos of these visits can be found in Appendix III. Obviously, most of facilities visited are outdated or aging that all need to have immediate rehabilitation work and equipment repair or replacement. Summaries of these site visits are briefed in general as the followings:most WSPs have gone through major rehabilitation process already, so only Anshan, Fuxin and Gaizhou require some budget for equipment replacement and structure reinforcementgroundwater extraction and water intake require high energy mainly due to deep well or high elevation of liftinglack of meters of malfunctioning meters have created major issue of high NRW and possibly misleading the actual situations for both leaking situations for residential or commercial compounds communities are typically lacking of good flow measurements to provide accurate data for water supplied and sold, and some do not have meters but a flat rate charged to each household monthly or bi-monthlybig portion of CSPs are aging (over 20-year old) and were installed by developers without complying with the code of outdoors domestic water supply requirements newly installed meters not only need a good location for better management but also require good weather proof, especially during cold winter periodproduced water storage tank, either above grade, underground, or within the basement of buildings are mostly aging and sometimes without adequate protection of illegal access or potential sanitation/hygiene issues and toxic/hazard threats some secondary BPSs were originally installed by contractors either in poor shape or without complying with the code of domestic water supply requirements lots of pumps, valves and pipes in the visited BPSs are showing rusty and in poor operating condition without adequate ventilation, especially only little space for future improvement vaults of flow meter or control valve are made of brick typically and either at the brink of collapsing or filled with water which should not be allowed for such incident transmitting cable within flow meter vaults are sometimes in a chaotic condition and it has also blocked the access to the meters occasionally Based on the assessment of historical data and current situation of using World Bank loan to facilitate required improvement for all WSCs, it is apparent that there is no single element of causing the high NRW and energy consumptions. NRW reduction from the rehabilitation of CSPs and energy saving from the rehabilitation of the secondary BPSs are more directly and independently than others. Thus, consensus was made for this TA to focus on the effectiveness of water and energy saving via the rehabilitation of CSPs and optimization of power usage from the secondary BPSs, respectively.In accordance with the pilot testing programs for each WSC, current and historic operations data were collected to validate the proposed targets of NRW reduction and energy saving. These two targets are not only achievable based on the implementation plans respectively for the rehabilitation of CSPs and secondary BPSs as the major targets of this TA but also owing to their quantifiable benefits. These two elements of the loan project are considering the most critical because of their beneficiaries are so direct impact by their individual performance and also the additional revenue for all WSCs.In order to ensure results from various pilot testing programs can provide strong basis for validating the proposed targets setup by all WSCs, two scenarios for different period of time were developed. With the comparison for both scenarios, estimates of both NRW reduction and energy saving will be further fine-tuned to meet with their ultimate objectives. Based on both targets to be achieved for NRW reduction and energy saving, associated cost benefit analysis was conducted to offer sensitivity analysis of investment vs. benefits. Management action plan for both elements were also developed to cope with their estimated targets which return on investments (ROIs) are major concern for their cost effectiveness. Based on the estimated capital investment and saving for bot water and energy, cost benefit analysis will be conducted including sensitivity analysis for potential less investment vs. the higher savings. ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT CONDITIONSIn order to demonstrate the overall performance of each WSC, relevant current and historic data on operations was collected (via questionnaire). Draft questionnaires were initially provided to all WSCs to seek for their feedback, and then used to discuss with the relevant DI to finalize FSRs and establish performance indicators for the World Bank loan project preparation. Through several meetings, workshops and detailed discussions, the questionnaires were finalized; and the collected data, summaries of company profiles, the NRW status, and the energy consumption levels for all WSCs are described pany ProfilesUnder the World Bank loan project, five WSCs are striving to reduce their NRW volumes and to improve their associated energy efficiency to meet the related requirements under the “Water Ten Clauses” and CJJ92-2016. Basic information from all WSCs (including their relevant facilities and operational status) are presented concisely in Appendix IV. Using this data, a brief summary of the basic information and NRW status of pipeline loss including pressure settings for water distribution system for all WSCs is summarized in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 below.Table 3-1 Basic Information of All WSCsSource: data from questionnaires provided all WSCs, July 2017As presented in Table 3-1, Anshan, Fushun and Shenyang WSCs were all established over a hundred years ago, and their facilities were constructed or installed decades ago, especially within the old city districts which typically have the most populated areas. Three of the WSCs (Anshan, Fushun and Shenyang) are also developing into a water group company as promoted by the government under the reform of state-owned enterprise, as they slowly merge with adjacent WSCs that were originally independent and operating by themselves, and to expand their service area coping with urban development for each city. Fuxin WSC was established in late 1950’s, and originally was responsible for serving the urban areas of the city and certain industries. Though industrial reform has caused the industrial water demand to drop for Fuxin WSC, the residential water usages have gotten higher, mainly due to service area expansion. Gaizhou WSC was established as the last among the five companies; however, its facility conditions are the worst compared to the others. For example, Gaizhou has the highest NRW. Its service area has been expanding due to urban development, yet aging infrastructure and management is far behind the actual requirements to perform. Filtration Tanks Chlorination RoomA comparison of average water produced versus the water sold for all WSCs is summaried in Table 3-2. This data shows present levels of NRW, wherein pipeline losses are a major factor in their performance. While Gaizhou WSC has the highest NRW with the smallest water supply system, NRW of Shenyang is not so high, and its water system is the largest among all WSCs. Variable pressure settings define the available head within the water distribution systems, and Fushun provides the highest, while Fuxin the lowest. These pressure settings will determine the distribution pumping performance and ultimately the power usage. Table 3-2 NRW Status and Pressure Setting for All WSCsSource: data from questionnaires provided all WSCs, July 2017As indicated in Table 3-2 above, the distribution system pressure settings are quite varied. This is basically owing to the nature of water supply system as it was originally designed, especially due to topographic conditions, service coverage, and the location of major users for each WSC. This also means that secondary BPSs have become important for most WSCs, particularly for those that provide low pressure settings, such as Fuxin, Gaizhou and Shenyang. Central Control RoomPressure Monitoring RoomBased on the data provided, the average power usage per unit water produced, electricity fees and O&M costs are summarized in Table 3-3. The total water production figures are primarily from the questionnaire and data provided during the TA. Total power usage and electricity fees are provided for each m3 of water to end users eventually for each WSC. For total O&M costs, most WSCs were able to separate the staff costs from the other necessary O&M costs related specifically to producing water (except Fushun WSC because of its subsidiary companies would not be able to split their costs for O&M only).Table 3-3 Historical Power Usage, Electricity Fees and O&M Costs for All WSCsSource: data provided by relevant WSCs in August 2017Typical Residential Water BillIn accordance with Table 3-3, the average energy use per unit water produced, average electricity fee per kW-h, and the ratio of electricity fees to O&M costs were estimated and are presented in Table 3-4. For all WSCs, historical relevant operational performance indicators of historical energy usage per unit water produced, average electricity fee per kW-h, and ratio of electricity fees to O&M costs are shown visually in Figure 3-1.Table 3-4 Average Power Usage, Electricity Fees and O&M Costs for All WSCsSource: data provided by relevant WSCs in August 2017145651729083000 Figure 3-1 Historical Basic Operational Indicators for all WSCs 3042054000 0000 When comparing to other WSCs in China, the unit power consumption (kW-h/m3) for water produced of 0.56 and 0.69 for Shenyang and Fuxin, respectively, are considered relatively high, mainly due to the high water intake pumping requirements. Fuxin WSC is planning to receive water from a different source, through another Liaoning water diversion project, so its water intake pumping in the future will be much lower. About 60% of the water now produced at Shenyang WSC is provided by two WSCs of a private company under a Build-Operate-Transfer arrangement. When groundwater extraction later decreases owing to the further NRW reduction, its energy consumption for water intake and produced will be significantly lowered. For the remaining three WSCs, their energy consumption will be further lowered with the effective NRW reduction to reduce the power consumptions for all associated pumping stations. Based on historical (2012~2016) electricity bills, the unit cost of power range from 0.66 to 0.80 RMB/kW-h for the five WSCs. Unit costs have generally increased mainly due to the fat that a majority of power supply companies in China now face more stringent requirements to increase basic charges of power usages. It is notable that the ratio of electricity bill to total O&M costs is over 50% for most WSCs, except for Fushun whose ratio is consistent with other WSCs in China. Fushun WSC is currently trying to reduce its manpower requirements through various re-organizations of subsidiaries and expect to eventually make its operations more consistent with the other WSCs. Power UsagesPower usage can vary significantly for different WSCs, because of the different needs for water intake pumping, treatment requirements, final distrubution water pumping, and any required booster pumping. With all these different functions, pumping is the largest contributor to power consumption for any WSC. One of the data requests in the questionnaire for all WSCs was for all power usage records for all treatment units. This was used to estimate their relevant power usage patterns. In generally, it is very useful to perform such self-auditing on a monthly to yearly basis to find the relative contributions of total power consumption within an WSC. Water Intake Pumps Produced Water PumpsRehabilitated Secondary BPSThe main objective of the self-auditing is to identify the major power usage of the WSC, and to explore the potential energy savings that can be achieved. In order to assess the power usage for each WSC, historical records of power consumption for all the different power-consuming treatment units were collected. To examine any potential seasonal or annual variations, three different months in 2015 and 2016 were selected from each WSC as the typical power usages for the respective year to evaluate power usage contributions during regular operation.The major treatment functions studied for each WSC were categorized as: water intake pumping, water treatment (such as chemical pumping, sedimentation, filtration, backwash and disinfection, etc.), finished/produced water pumping, and distribution pumping. Data on these functions are shown and compared in Appendix V-2.Based on historical monthly data, the average power consumption for various treatment processes at each of the major WSCs is summarized in Table 3-5. Because water treatment technologies vary based on the different sources of water at each plant, the energy requirements will also vary. However, as a percentage of total power usage, the power required for treatment processes is relatively low (typically around 1.0%, except for Fushun which is 3.6%). This low proportion of energy use for water treatment processes is considered unusual when compared to other WSCs. But it is mainly explained due to the high power consumption requirements for water intake pumping (i.e. from the deep groundwater wells, or lifting water to high elevations of reservoirs) and water distribution pumping (i.e. high pressure settings for regular users, and the significant numbers of secondary BPSs), thus relatively energy usage for water treatment is much lower than water intake and distribution pumping. Table 3-5 Historical Power Usages for All WSCsNotes:1. Anshan, Fushun and Fuxin all require high water intake pumping from the relevant reservoirs2. Fuxin maintains high pressure setting to its distribution system3. Gaizhou extracts groundwater and maintains high pressure setting for its distribution system4. Shenyang’s produced water pumping including its pumping requirements for secondary BPSs Produced Water Storage Tank Secondary BPSs to-be-rehabilitatedAs presented in Table 3-5, the major power uses are from water intake pumping for most WSCs except Shenyang WSC, then followed by produced water pumping except Gaizhou WSC. Fuxin WSC requires the most distribution pumping. It is also interesting to note that Fushun WSC consumed the most energy, even higher than Shenyang WSC, even though 60% of its treated water is provided by two WSPs of a private firm via a BOT contract directly, the outsourcing of water supply service did not result in energy savings. In general, these high levels of energy consumption demonstrate that all of the WSCs have high potential for energy savings, especially after NRW is significantly reduced. Relevant percentages of energy usages for water intake, produced and distribution pumping, and water treatment comparing with the total power usages for all WSCs are also shown in Figure 3-2 for easy comparison purpose.324167521272500Figure 3-2 Percentages of Major Power Usage for all WSCs1612669192849500 0000 324190618726150058131186782300 NRW statusNRW in water supply systems is typically due to losses from a number of sources: water transmission mains and pipeline leaks, community service pipeline leaks, non-metered water consumption (i.e. theft, broken meters, municipal non-metered use, etc.), and management losses, among others. Historical operations records of the volumes of water produced and sold (2011~2016) were used to estimate the NRW rates for all of the WSCs. This data is shown in Appendix V-1. In recent years, total water production has been growing steadily, and efforts to reduce NRW have been made. All WSCs have been striving to improve their NRW rates, even under the economic down-turn period of the last few years as shown in Table 3-6. Table 3-6 Historical NRWs for All WSCs Source: data from questionnaires provided all WSCs, April 2017As presented in Table 3-6, Gaizhou has the highest NRW among the five WSCs, mainly due to insufficient attention to dealing with malfunctioning and aging water supply systems. Fuxin WSC seems to be doing well on its NRW control, as compared to other WSCs, yet its overall performance is still below the requirement set by the National and Provincial Governments. NRW for Shenyang WSC is only a bit higher than Anshan, yet its daily average water supply is high (1.6 million m3/day), which means daily water losses are almost 0.5 million m3/day. Anshan and Fushun WSCs both have tried reducing NRW via leak detection plans, yet the results have not been convincing. Fushun has made major efforts to rehabilitate its CSPs in order to reduce NRW to the acceptable level. Dual Flow Meter VaultFlow Meter VaultIt is clear that the majority of water losses are due to pipeline losses which include transmission mains, pipelines, and CSPs for all WSCs as presented in Table 3-7. For Shenyang WSC, the major water losses are due to pipeline losses (26.4% of the total NRW of 33.0%), which is quite significant considering its daily water supply quantity. Also, it is noticeable that Gaizhou WSC has major water losses from non-metered connections and malfunctioning meters – improvement of which would reduce NRW significantly. All five WSCs are having trouble dealing with management losses, and this type of loss will require special attention. In general, comparing the current situation of NRW to any other WSCs in China, none of the five WSCs meet the basic requirements, and immediate actions are need in order to meet the “Water Ten Clause” and CJJ92-2106 law. Further evaluation of the potential reductions in the various categories is needed to ensure overall NRW reductions can be achieved through the Project implementation.Table 3-7 Categories of NRW in 2016 for All WSCsSource: data from questionnaires provided all WSCs, April 2017ESTIMATED TARGETS AND VALIDATIONUnder requirements of the “Water Ten Clause” and CJJ92-2016 law, all WSCs are gearing up to improve their relevant NRW targets, as set by the Central and Liaoning Provincial Governments, even the government funds are limited to cater for their facility upgrade or replacement which should be implemented much earlier due to the long service years of their outdated facilities. With the potential water savings from NRW reduction, indirect effects on energy saving can also be identified. In addition, equipment repair and/or replacement can contribute to direct energy savings, especially at the secondary BPSs, since they will be required to cope with the community service pipeline improvement projects. Though NRW reduction targets and energy savings via the World Bank loan were estimated by each WSC based on their own situations and implementation plans, certain categories of these potential saving are not easy to to estimate nor validate through a pilot testing program. Thus, those potential savings of water and energy that were easier to identify and quantify, i.e. at the CSP and secondary BPS, were selected as the major targets for this TA.In accordance with the NRW reduction targets and energy savings for all WSCs, a cost benefit analysis based on engineering cost estimates was conducted to estimate the ROI of each WSC, including a sensitivity analyses to explore those factors with the most influence on ROI. In addition, relevant management action plans for those CPSs and secondary BPSs to-be-rehabilitated under the project were developed. These action plan will assist planning all necessary activities ahead of project implementation according to the unique characteristics and situations for each WSC.SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED TARGETSNRW reduction targets for each WSC were determined and based on all of the idea exchanges and discussions of this TA. Actual cases of systems rehabilitated for reduced NRW were referenced as the basis for setting the target values under this TA. The reference cases were mostly from CSPs and household connection improvement projects, and from secondary BPS rehabilitation projects that saw decent energy savings.In accordance with historic operations data and the implementation plan of the World Bank loan for rehabilitating the existing water supply systems at all WSCs, the estimated savings for water and energy in various categories are presented in Appendix VI. Targets for NRW ReductionIn accordance with assessment of historic data and the necessary actions to meet the requirements of CJJ-92 2016, each WSC has developed their respective approaches to utilize the funds available from the World Bank loan. Using the loan and available counterpart funds, each WSC will develop rehabilitation programs for transmission and distribution pipelines, including the installation or replacement of meters (i.e. replacing malfunctioning meters or installing for non-metered connections). Table 4-1 summarizes the NRW reduction targets for all WSCs. The total NRW is listed by six different categories to better present the source of losses. This data is also shown in the bar charts below the table. It is notable that Fushun WSC has identified an urgent requirement is to reduce NRW, and Gaizhou WSC has the most urgent requirement for meter installations.Table 4-1 Targets of NRW Reduction in Various Categories, % Note: “Water Supply Loss” considers only losses from transmission main and community pipeline 2726575320502In Anshan WSC, water losses from transmission mains and community service pipelines dominate the NRW. Anshan WSC plans to put the majority of effort on these two areas using the World Bank loan. Also, it will make efforts to improve the performance of aging equipment in the WPSs.00In Anshan WSC, water losses from transmission mains and community service pipelines dominate the NRW. Anshan WSC plans to put the majority of effort on these two areas using the World Bank loan. Also, it will make efforts to improve the performance of aging equipment in the WPSs.33251540327Fushun WSC has identified the main water losses to come from aging community service pipelines, leading to high NRW. So their efforts will primarily focus on this activity. This NRW reduction will also benefit its operation scheme of secondary booster pumping stations, so to ultimately generate significant energy savings.00Fushun WSC has identified the main water losses to come from aging community service pipelines, leading to high NRW. So their efforts will primarily focus on this activity. This NRW reduction will also benefit its operation scheme of secondary booster pumping stations, so to ultimately generate significant energy savings. 2992581607925In Fuxin WSC, water losses from the community service pipelines is the highest among all categories, followed by losses in transmission mains. Both dominate the NRW of Fuxin WSC. Its major effort will be focusing on these two areas using the World Bank loan. Fuxin WSC will also rehabilitate the existing WSP by replacing aging equipment and structures.00In Fuxin WSC, water losses from the community service pipelines is the highest among all categories, followed by losses in transmission mains. Both dominate the NRW of Fuxin WSC. Its major effort will be focusing on these two areas using the World Bank loan. Fuxin WSC will also rehabilitate the existing WSP by replacing aging equipment and structures. 3291840340822Gaizhou WSC has the highest NRW among the five WSCs and requires significant rehabilitation work to community service pipelines, especially the new meter installations for non-metered connections and replacement of malfunctioning meters. 00Gaizhou WSC has the highest NRW among the five WSCs and requires significant rehabilitation work to community service pipelines, especially the new meter installations for non-metered connections and replacement of malfunctioning meters. 141316419677In Shenyang WSC, transmission main losses are the major source of NRW. Shenyang will need to make significant efforts in this area and also in improving the losses from community service pipelines and management for better NRW reduction. As the provincial capital and largest WSC in Liaoning, Shenyang WSC still needs to put in lots of effort in meeting the CJJ92-2016 requirements for NRW reduction in addition to the available World Bank loan. 00In Shenyang WSC, transmission main losses are the major source of NRW. Shenyang will need to make significant efforts in this area and also in improving the losses from community service pipelines and management for better NRW reduction. As the provincial capital and largest WSC in Liaoning, Shenyang WSC still needs to put in lots of effort in meeting the CJJ92-2016 requirements for NRW reduction in addition to the available World Bank loan. Based on the project implementation plan for each WSC, targets of annual NRW reduction are summarized in Table 4-2 to layout the planned annual targets in the next five years starting from 2018. It is clear that Fushun and Gaizhou WSCs are putting significant efforts in NRW reduction, so their energy saving could be relatively substantial owing to this water-saving contribution and the associated decrease in pumping that will be required. Nonetheless, Shenyang WSC needs to explore more effective means to push their NRW reduction further mainly because of its high volume water loss every single day.Table 4-2 Annual NRW Reduction for all WSCs, % Note: These NRW reductions are achieved only via World Bank loanIn accordance with targets of NRW reduction as indicated in Table 4-2, annual water savings to be achieved by 2022 for all WSCs are estimated in Table 4-3 for all categories. As indicated, most WSCs will still need to explore further optimizations to reduce their NRW in the most effective and efficient manner for the investments. Table 4-3 Annual Water Saving for all WSCs, m3/year Note: total water saving for all WSCs are based on the estimates of water production and sold in 2022 Targets of Energy SavingSimilar to NRW reduction, each WSC has developed their rehabilitation program for energy saving, especially from equipment repair or replacement and indirect savings from the NRW reductions (i.e. from the resulting decrease in pumping for water intake and distribution, and treatment requirements, etc.).A detailed breakdown of various energy saving sources (either directly and indirectly) are listed in Table 4-4 for all five WSCs. Since the conditions at each WSC are different, the major energy savings will also be different (mainly because of its original situation of water supply system design, NRW and associated energy consumption requirements). Obviously Anshan, Fushun, and Shenyang WSCs all need to rehabilitate many secondary BPSs so that their relevant energy saving are all equivalent to over 1.0 million to almost 2.0 million kW-h/year.Table 4-4 Annual Energy Saving Targets for All WSCs, kW-h/yearNote: relevant annual energy savings for the secondary BPSs of all WSCs are based on combined effectiveness from rehabilitation of CSP and associated BPS. It is sure that total effectiveness of NRW reduction and energy saving for any WSCs are compounded since water saving is the beginning of better operational performance. Then the less power consumption can be achieved not only from the equipment repair or replacement but also the less water pumping. Based on the estimates of NRW reduction to be achieved through the actions taken, projections of annual water produced and sold and daily data for all five WSCs are shown as the Table 4-5.Table 4-5 Projections of Water Produced and Water Sold for all WSCsNote:water produced and sold is based on realistic NRW reduction to be achieved through the World Bank funded project and other financial supportBased on data provided in Table 4-5, estimates of unit energy usage per m3 water sold are summarized in Table 4-6. It is intentional to present the unit power usages for the water sold for all WSCs rather than the water produced; this demonstrates that the NRW would impact to the actual power consumption per m3 of water needed. Thus, it will be an essential effort for al WSCs to continue reducing their NRW, in order to make the company not only sustainable but also profitable. Table 4-6 Estimates of Energy Consumption per Unit Water Sold for WSCs, kW-h/m3Note:Gaizhou will purchase water from the Yinkou WSC directly so most energy consumption are contributed from the secondary booster pumping since its distribution pumping requires minimal energyBasic Information of Estimated TargetsAs stated prior, NRW reduction and energy savings from the rehabilitation of CSP and secondary BPSs will be the focus for this TA owing to their direct benefits and quantifiable savings. Table 4-7 presents the recommended secondary BPSs and CSPs to-be-rehabilitated using the World Bank loan by each WSC and their relevant beneficiaries, targets to be achieved, and required budget for engineering costs, etc.Table 4-7 Summary of Rehabilitation Works for All WSCsSource: Data provided by all WSCs in April 2017Energy savings can be translated into estimated GHG savings by assuming that every kW-h saved needs not to be generated. According to the 2012 report of International Energy Agency on ‘CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion’, in 2010China emitted an average of 766 gCO2 per kW-h of electricity generated. Combining this value with the above energy saving of 5,759,220 kW-h/year for the secondary BPSs for all WSCs, it leads to a potential GHG reduction of 7,500 tons CO2/year. For the entire Project, including all other categories, the total potential energy saving will be 23,872,100 kW-h/year for all WSCs, which it leads to a potential GHG reduction of 31,160 tons CO2/year.VALIDATIONIn order to demonstrate that the targets for both NRW reduction and energy saving proposed in this TA can be achieved using the World Bank loan, a pilot testing program was set up for all WSCs to conduct their own validations of the proposed targets. Thus, relevant testing programs for each WSC were developed based on their own current and future situations. In accordance with the assessment of historical operation data and records of power consumption, visits to facilities, and meetings with associated operational and managerial personnel with both companies, proposed pilot testing programs for all WSCs were then prepared.Pilot Testing ProgramsResults of respective pilot testing programs were collected and then used to assess the potential water and energy savings and to compare with the original targets. With the available records of power usage and average electricity costs for all WSCs, the potential energy savings were also converted into money savings for all WSCs.Based on discussions with all WSCs, potential water and energy savings can be achieved through various means:Adding more monitoring devices (mainly on pressure gauge, flow meters and electrical meters), particularly for those case studies for rehabilitated and to-be rehabilitated communities and secondary BPSsEquipment and personnel responsible for the testing program should be the same as far as possible; if feasible, all equipment should be checked for their performance using the same criteria (for example, power consumption, flow rates, output pressure) particularly on performance of pumps and monitoring device, based on the original specificationsProviding a database and developing a hydraulic model for water distribution pumping and separate pressure zones in accordance with the economic analysis from capital investment and O&M costs for such an approach.The contents of the pilot testing program and associated activities for all WSCs are listed below:Setting up pilot testing programs: start setting up all required monitoring equipment or device for all representative case studies of rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated project components for all WSCs and ensure all required monitoring data for water produced, sold, energy consumptions are available for all case studies since January 2016 Conducting initial testing programs: with the collected monitoring data for both NRW and energy consumption, both data set will be used for estimating the NRW reduction and energy saving via two case studies: rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated to evaluate the potential water and energy saving are both reasonable per their respective characteristicsAssessing data collected vs. the original estimates: based on the assessment of monitoring data for both rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated cases to re-confirm the original estimates of these two targets when applying various case studies; should results of these pilot testing programs for each WSC are sound and reliable, then continue the testing and collecting records of all monitoring data for water produced and sold for NRW and energy consumption for relevant secondary BPSs including water supplied till August 2017In order to estimate the potential water and energy savings, each WSC developed their own proposed plans to rehabilitate the CSPs and secondary BPSs (via the World Bank loan). Relevant savings of water and energy based on these rehabilitation plans were then estimated. As shown in Table 4-7, Fushun WSC has planned to rehabilitate 271 CSPs for their service pipelines since it contributes the highest percentage (14.75 out of 16.67%) of NRW reduction for the company. While Shenyang WSC is planning to rehabilitate 99 secondary BPSs, yet these rehabilitations are only covering about 5% of the secondary BPS under the entire company. It will eventually need more funds to rehabilitate all of the other secondary BPSs.The features of different community and secondary BPS are generally not the same, so the most representative community and secondary BPS were screened and selected by all WSCs to categorize a few actual case studies for comparison. These case studies were then used as references for other cases to be rehabilitated. Details of these case studies for rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated are presented in Appendix VII.The case studies planed by each WSC are shown in Table 4-8. Actual data was collected to verify that the proposed rehabilitation of BPSs and CSPs are adequately achievable with the budget allocated. Either cases of secondary BPS or CSP is chosen as the representative case for similar conditions for those communities or BPS of to-be rehabilitated will be using the World Bank loan to facilitate the Project. Of course, the characteristics of these case studies will not be exactly the same, but will focus on those points that are similar, i.e. their relevant households, people and normal service requirements, etc. Table 4-8 Representative Case Studies and To-be-Rehabilitated Project ComponentsTable 4-9 shows the breakdown of proposed numbers of communities and secondary BPSs to-be-rehabilitated for all WSCs via the World Bank loan. These case studies are the basis for comparison, and using monitoring data of the rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated systems, estimates of water and energy savings were able to demonstrate the potential energy savings and NRW reductions can be achieved.Table 4-9 Summary of Communities and Secondary BPSs To-be-RehabilitatedResults of the Pilot TestingAlthough each case study may not be able to demonstrate that estimated savings for water and energy are exactly the same between the rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated cases, the pilot testing exercise did show representativeness for both cases. Monitoring data of energy consumption and NRW for both representative case studies of CSPs and secondary BPSs were collected from January 2016 to September 2017. These monitoring data not only demonstrate their own situations for all case studies but also were used to analyze the performance of NRW reduction and energy saving. For all case studies of each WSC, these monitoring data are summarized and shown in Appendix VIII. During the data collection stage, several interesting findings were observed as follows:water demand per household is not as high as planned, especially for those old housing projects compared to new development areasseasonal total water usage is not as variable as originally claimedprevious rehabilitated pipelines and meters still do not perform as anticipatedmeters for community and households are not as accurate as originally specified, resulting in less accurate NRW measurementwater usage after midnight is lower than planned, which affects the secondary BPS performance, especially for those rehabilitated onesenergy usage for some rehabilitated secondary BPSs does not meet the original planned effectiveness, mainly due to over-sized for less water actually neededSince monitoring data for both CSP and secondary BPS for all case studies will not be the same, two scenarios of these data assessment were developed in order to estimate the NRW reduction and energy savings that can be achieved and using the actual case studies as reference to accurately calculate these two targets for all WSCs.Scenario 1: using monitoring data from full year of 2016 or available data and prorated to full year as the annual data for both NRW reduction and energy savingScenario 2: using monitoring data from September 2016 to August 2017 as another full year data to project the annual water and energy saving, respectivelyThe analysis of the two water and energy saving scenarios indicates that Scenario 2 had better simulation results against the original estimates of NRW reduction and energy saving. This is shown in Table 4-10. Though testing results are quite close for both scenarios, it also proves that not only results of all pilot testing programs for all WSCs are a well-designed system but also to be able to use the actual case studies to verify the original estimates for both targets.Table 4-10 Estimated Deviation for Scenarios of Case StudiesCOST BENEFIT ANALYSISIn accordance with Table 4-7, engineering cost estimates for both CSPs and secondary BPSs to-be-rehabilitated are a bit high for each community or pumping station, mainly due to aging equipment and facility structures require substantial budget in order to be functional. Normally, water pipelines are only installed up to the property boundary, yet the CSP (public area and household connection pipeline) and smart-meter for each household proposed by all WSCs all required additional budget on top of the routine O&M. In addition, monitoring equipment for pH, turbidity, and chlorine residuals are required per the designs of the new water distribution systems; and this has further raised the budget requirements for certain BPSs. In order to present the cost effectiveness of any projects, a cost benefit analysis for both the secondary BPS and CSP to-be-rehabilitated were conducted based on a few assumptions as the followings:Typically in China, budget for engineering cost estimates is prepared by DIs who have been retained by project owners and they tend to use the cost index for budgeting purpose instead of convincing market price; so after competitive bidding process, proposed capital expenditure (CAPEX) for all project components are at 80% of their original budgetOperating expenses (OPEX) saving includes direct energy and water saving to generate their cost saving and associated personnel expense decreasing owing to better system performance and automation after the rehabilitation, especially for secondary BPSs; so the rehabilitated BPSs and CSPs will only require half of its original O&M staffBenefits of energy savings come from the reduction in energy usage based on the electricity fee normally charged to WSCs and water saving is from the water resource fee typically charged to WSCs by provincial water resource department; staffing requirements for routine O&M activities for the secondary BPSs and CSPs are normally require one person for covering two to three BPSs or communitiesService lives for secondary BPS and CSP are setting up for 20 years and 30 years, respectively, since equipment and device within the pumping station are generally faded faster than the installed pipelines and meters; residual value will be zero beyond the service life for the subject cost benefit analysisBased on these assumptions, ROIs for both project components of secondary BPSs and CSPs were estimated and are shown in Tables 4-11 and 4-12. All of the estimated ROIs for all WSCs (and based on the assumptions for estimated CAPEX with OPEX savings) are not as high as expected, mainly due to combination of high CAPEX and low OPEX saving. Thus, a cost benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted for both project components to explore which part of costs and benefits could be further improved.Table 4-11 Estimate of ROIs for Secondary BPSs To-be-RehabilitatedNotes: 1. denotes scenario #1 for system has no residual value after serving 20 years 2. denotes scenario #2 for scenario #1 plus estimated CAPEX 10% less 3. denotes scenario #3 for scenario #2 plus 10% more OPEX saving 4. denotes scenario #4 for scenario #2 plus 20% more OPEX savingFor implementing the rehabilitation of CSP, basically it is pipelines serving domestic compounds and connection pipeline to each household with individual meter. Thus, its unit cost would be much higher than those distribution pipelines even with relevant small diameters.Table 4-12 Estimate of ROIs for CSP To-be-RehabilitatedNotes: 1. denotes scenario #1 for system has no residual value after serving 30 years 2. denotes scenario #2 for scenario #1 plus estimated CAPEX 10% less 3. denotes scenario #3 for scenario #2 plus 10% more OPEX saving 4. denotes scenario #4 for scenario #2 plus 20% more OPEX savingIt is clear that the OPEX savings per year are not as high as expected (when considering the amount of CAPEX invested), especially for the Gaizhou WSC. In addition, the estimated amount of CAPEX significantly affects the ROI estimates, since it dominates the calculation of cost benefit analysis. Normally both CSP and secondary BPS installations are not the responsibilities of the WSCs in China. It is Liaoning Provincial Government’s intention to take active possession of these issues so as to prevent high NRW and to lower the energy consumption in the long term. Thus, high CAPEX is clearly unavoidable for all WSCs. Well planned and comprehensive designs to lower the engineering costs will definitely be required for all project cities during the project preparation.In accordance with the cost benefit and sensitivity analyses, it is worthwhile for all WSCs to re-evaluate their engineering cost estimates since the estimated ROIs are low even when CAPEX is 20% lower than currently budgeted. It is also notable that OPEX savings could be more significant than lowering the estimated CAPEX. Based on the analysis, an assumption of 10% OPEX savings could be equivalent to a 20% lowering of CAPEX; and all WSCs should seriously consider this in their investment planning.MANAGEMENT ACTION PLANSBased on validation of energy saving and NRW reduction targets through the pilot testing programs, it is apparent that all WSCs still need to re-evaluate their proposals for the CPSs and secondary BPSs to-be-rehabilitated. It is strongly recommended that the number of CPSs and secondary BPSs to-be-rehabilitated should be increased to generate more savings and beneficiaries, and so that the planned facilities provide the most benefits. Also, engineering costs for these proposed elements need to be lowered as much as possible. This is especially true considering the WSCs’ financial capacities to cover such heavy investments.In order to ensure that all of the proposed investments can be implemented as planned, certain activities should be organized parallel to the Project preparation. According to the current conditions of each WSC and their future plans, relevant management action plans have been proposed and are shown in Tables 4-14 and 4-15. Depending on the specific situations at each WSC, certain activities can be defined as very urgent and some are less critical. Nonetheless, it is strongly recommended that all proposed management action plans be carried out in a timely fashion so as to match the loan implementation. In addition, all WSCs should look into capacity building for all these activities during the project implementation, especially for the staffing development plan, in order to facilitate these elements with high efficiencies. Most activities in the management action plans are part of the project implementation, so the budget to facilitate these plans should be available through the World Bank loan.Table 4-14 Relevant Management Action Plans for Sceondary BPSs To-be-RehabilitatedNote: "vu" denotes very urgent; "u" denotes urgent; and "mu" denotes moderately urgent in the action plan priority recommendationsTable 4-15 Relevant Management Action Plans for CSPs To-be-RehabilitatedNote: "vu" denotes very urgent; "u" denotes urgent; and "mu" denotes moderately urgent SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONSEstimated NRW reduction by rehabilitation of CSPs and energy savings from the rehabilitation of secondary BPSs are summarized in the relevant tables in previous sections. All WSCs are eager to meet the minimum requirements set-up by the National and Liaoning Provincial Governments. Although the available funds from the World Bank loan will be able to assist all five WSCs to reduce their NRW to certain levels, additional funds and support will still be required in order to meet the aggressive Governments requirements in the “Water Ten Clause” and CJJ92-2016.Of course, the higher NRW reduction, the better performance of a WSC would be. This leads to not only direct water savings, but also to efficiencies in power consumption, because of less energy required for water intake pumping, treatment, and distribution pumping. Power consumption per unit water sold was estimated based on the NRW reduction and energy saving from the equipment replacement, system upgrade and control optimization all have demonstrated these effects from both NRW reduction and less pumping.Through all of the activities of the TA, and in accordance with the related work plans of all WSCs, summaries of findings, assessment of operation records, proposal for facility improvement plans and budget, and results of pilot testing program for NRW reduction and energy saving are presented below. Relevant recommendations for NRW reduction and energy savings for all WSCs are also provided for consideration.SUMMARY OF FINDINGSBased on historical data assessments, field visits to the existing WSPs, secondary BPSs and communities rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated, and meetings with relevant personnel of each WSCs, a summary of the general challenges and issues to be addressed include the following:: i) high NRW per historical data; ii) pressure settings affecting secondary BPSs; iii) existing conditions of CSP; iv) major energy consumptions for WSCs; v) inadequate pressure management; vi) lack of attention to leak detection; vii) jurisdiction of CSP and secondary BPSs; viii) Inadequate performance of secondary BPSs; ix) poor condition of produced water storage tanks; x) pilot testing programs for both NRW reduction and energy saving; xi) significant numbers of rehabilitation work; xii) cost effectiveness for both NRW reduction and energy saving approaches, etc.These are further detailed below.High Historical NRW: According to the questionnaires and datasheets provided by all WSCs in early 2017, estimates of NRW reduction and energy saving using actual case studies were initially completed. During the course of the TA, several meetings with all WSCs altogether and/or individually with their DIs about their estimates of NRW reduction and energy saving, associated target values owing to World Bank loan were re-evaluated and re-confirmed. It is obvious that NRW for all five WSCs are serious when compared to the provincial average of 30%, especially for Gaizhou (64.05%) for its high NRW rate and Shenyang (33.01%) for its total daily water supplies. For Gaizhou, daily water supply is about 37,000 m3/day, and because of insufficient attention and support from the city Government, aging pipelines and no/malfunctioning meters have contributed significant of its NRW up to 54.55%. The World Bank loan will be able to lower its NRW by 25% (out of 29% total NRW reduction) and rehabilitate these two main categories. For Shenyang, the daily water supply is up to 1.6 million m3/day, and with a 33% NRW there is about 0.5 million m3/day of water losses, mainly from the pipeline losses. The World Bank loan will be able to lower 2.3% (out of 3.2% total NRW reduction) of NRW while pipelines are rehabilitated. Pressure Settings Affecting Secondary BPSs: Pressure settings in the distribution systems is the dominate factor for energy consumption. Each WSC has their own setting depending on the topographic conditions, user characteristics (industrial, commercial and domestic) and service coverage. Also, per the service requirements (flow and pressure) for all users, secondary BPSs have been used to supplement the produced water and distribution pumping. Typically in China, most WSCs need to provide a minimum pressure to 0.28 MPa at the grade level, so as to provide decent water pressure up to seven stories for buildings. Only Anshan WSC has installed two major BPS, and Fuxin is planning to construct two major BPSs to provide better services. Yet, certain secondary BPS have not been able to capitalize the available head from the distribution pumping which makes them becoming the major target for more potential energy saving. Existing Conditions of CSP: For most WSCs, a major portion of the service pipelines were installed over two decades ago and are now in poor condition. When housing projects were constructed years ago, the WSC had no authority to inspect the basic requirements of these pipeline installations, so the construction quality of pipes and valves including at the secondary BPSs were all under the developers’ control. Recent years, urgent requests for repair because of pipe leaking or bursting have become an extra burden for all WSCs, even at locations out of their service coverage. But since there are no other entities to conduct this urgent repair work, the WSCs are the only assistance available. To fix the issue of lacking CSP management, relevant City Governments have been requesting for WSCs to resume the responsibility, including management of the relevant secondary BPS.Major Energy Consumption at WSCs: The patterns of energy use for all WSCs was estimated using the historical operation records, particularly using those months of low and high demands to better present the energy usage throughout the years of 2015 and 2016. Based on data provided, it is clear that the major energy consumptions come from water intake pumping, and pumping of produced water in the distribution system. Though percentages of these pumping requirements vary by WSC, on average water treatment processes only represent a bit over 1 % of energy use (except for Fuxin WSC, which is higher). Water distribution pumping requires highest energy usage for most WSCs and water intake pumping typically ranks the second, followed by produced water pumping. Inadequate Flow and Pressure Management: Water distribution systems requires significant energy to provide the required water flows and pressure settings; however there are limited flow and pressure monitoring stations in the WSC systems studied in this TA. Inadequate or insufficient flow meters cause difficulties in monitoring the actual water distribution to users and subsequently make it difficult to estimate leakage and NRW. With many secondary BPSs to support the tall buildings or users located at high points, high pressure outputs have been set up for most WSCs. Residual pressure of the distribution systems are not well utilized which is definitely an energy loss that can be re-evaluated and recovered for less pumping requirements. Most WSCs have not developed hydraulic models for water distribution (except Anshan WSC, which has received some grant from World Bank for a GIS and simplified model). For the other WSCs, the necessary GIS systems are either insufficient or unavailable; and the World Bank loan will be assisting in these areas.Lack of Attention to Leak Detection: Though high NRW exists, most WSCs are still struggling with the basic leak detection capacity, neither equipment/device nor the required personnel to conduct the leak detection. Gaizhou especially only has little resources to deal with the issue. Pipeline losses are the key area for leak detection and insufficient effort has been paid to this obvious area to recover losses for all WSCs. Some WSCs claimed that they have worked with outside professionals or academic experts on leak detection or NRW reduction, yet results were not promising. For Anshan, Fushun and Fuxin WSCs, they have tried identifying these potential leaks, yet most of their activities are still insufficient. Shenyang WSC has designated a team to go around their service boundary to identify and fix such leak, but considering its NRW still at 33% in 2016, the effort is obviously not enough and timely.Jurisdiction of CSP and Secondary BPSs: Due to early development and management style, the majority of CSP and relevant secondary BPSs are either aging, have used inadequate materials, do not meet the current design specifications, and lack of good management. Typically in northeastern China because of heavy industrial development in the last few decades, dormitories were provided for most employees. Traditionally, enterprises were responsible for all water fees and energy for secondary BPSs as well. Lately, due to housing policy reform, all WSCs are forced to take over these malfunctioning facilities. This is not only a big challenge for short-handed WSCs but also a very costly investment. In addition, future asset transfer and overall responsibility will be an extra burden to all WSCs since these activities are originally not under their jurisdiction.Inadequate Performance of Secondary BPSs: Generally, most secondary BPSs are not performing to their design requirements mainly due to aging equipment and because of over-designed capacity caused by lower demand and higher leaks for most WSCs. With meter installed and water saving propaganda, rationalizing the actual water demand has becoming a common issue for most of WSCs in China nowadays. Even some secondary BPSs have been rehabilitated but their performance still requires additional efforts due to lower demand than projected and inadequate control mechanism for variable water demand for small communities, especially the lowest water demand after midnight. For some secondary BPSs, their rehabilitation work still needs to be re-evaluated due to limited space and very tight construction time allowed due to harsh weather condition during winter season in Liaoning. Poor Condition of Produced Water Storage Tanks: Produced water storage tanks are typical existed for certain secondary BPSs, yet their protection is not well provided or maintained from hygiene or potential toxic/hazardous threat. In addition, structures of these tanks are either aging or corroded, no matter they are above grade or underground (within building basement). Due to original design typically too conservative or water saving concept being popular, some tanks are larger than actually needed. Thus, secondary disinfection is normally required or unavoidable, but most tanks are not well equipped with such provisions. Ventilation is also poor for most BPSs visited with high moisture and foul air, especially for those underground tanks.Pilot Testing Programs for Both NRW Reduction and Energy Saving: Using actual case studies (CSPs and secondary BPSs) of rehabilitated and to-be-rehabilitated in most representative cases were developed individually for each WSC. Each WSC has proposed certain communities and secondary BPSs to-be-rehabilitated using the World Bank loan. Actual case studies used to estimate the proposed rehabilitation sometimes are not able to justify their representativeness, yet still providing good starting point for all WSCs. Monitoring data for these case studies indicated water and energy savings are sometimes convincing. Yet their actual saving all rely on if these data are as consistent as they have presented so to estimate the most potential saving for both water and energy. In accordance with two scenarios developed for verifying the current pilot testing programs, all WSCs were able to justify their origin design approach for both NRW reduction and energy saving are achievable based on current implementation plan. For all WSCs, results of relevant programs have also proven that the working plans and methodologies are effectively developed. Significant Numbers of Rehabilitation Work: It would be better to start communicating with the communities to be providing the rehabilitation not only for service pipelines but also for their designated secondary BPS, so to minimize unnecessary objection or foul feeling during the construction. Though these rehabilitations are designed to assist the communities and local residents to have better service, regular life will be affected temporarily, especially for potential long-delaying constructions due to unexpected events. Within five WSCs, Fushun WSC is planning to rehabilitate 271 CSPs and Shenyang is planning to rehabilitate 99 secondary BPSs. All construction activities will need to be well-planned so to ensure all rehabilitations can be completed within short period of available time for construction due to harsh weather condition during winter season, say April to November yearly. RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the findings, pilot testing programs, and conclusions of the TA, a number of general recommendations are offered for WSCs to consider. These are as follows: Perform thorough assessment of historical operation data, and inventory of facilities; Acquire leak detection and monitoring equipment and devices;Continue pilot testing programs; Conduct public awareness and early communication targeted at community households for rehabilitation of CSP; Establish and enforce a DMA program, with flow meters and pressure regulating valves; Develop long-term leak detection and monitoring programs; Establish a program to Optimize NRW reductions; Fine-tune the design and operations of secondary BPSs; Set-up adequate staff training programs; Utilize GIS and hydraulic models to optimize operations; Separate pressure zones and user-pay principle; and Employ Performance-based Contracts in utility procurement.These are further detailed below.Assessment of Historical Operations Data: All available historical operations data related to NRW and energy consumption should be re-evaluated on a regular basis. Such data assessments will assist in more accurate understanding of NRW and the possible adjustments of pumps within WSPs and major/secondary BPSs for a better control mechanism and energy saving (notably for water intake, produced and distribution systems). These assessments will provide the basis for evaluating existing system and facility performance and ensure that future testing programs are applicable without creating problems or hindering regular operations.Inventory of Facilities and Utilities: In order to achieve the NRW reduction and energy savings targets set by each WSC, all existing facilities and utilities should be reviewed against the original design specifications, so the final inventory of these facilities can be categorized into a systematic approach for better management. With more knowledge about the existing situation, it can be seen as a self-auditing and performance evaluation. This activity needs to be performed by all WSCs so to provide the decision makers to re-confirm their proposed implementation plan not only are sound but also to meet with the project objectives.Acquisition of Leak Detection and Monitoring Equipment and Devices: For both NRW reduction and energy saving approaches, typical monitoring equipment and devices, such as flow meters, pressure gauges, electricity meters, thermometers, and data transmission devices, etc., should be provided, along with proper training to those staff who are responsible for their future rehabilitations of the facilities, namely the CSPs and secondary BPSs. Without adequate monitoring equipment and devices, all of the newly constructed and/or rehabilitated facilities will no necessarily be operated with according to the original design specifications. In particular, the facilities will need to be operated in an optimized manner so to quickly recover the investment. Continue Pilot Testing Programs: Although current assessment of the targets for both NRW reduction and energy savings seem to be achievable, without identifying all basic information of all communities and secondary BPSs, most of the BPS rehabilitations are still not finalized for the equipment selection and system control design. All WSCs should continue verifying the basic information for all facilities related to NRW reduction and energy saving for all case studies more thoroughly based on what have been achieved so far, even just to re-confirm their monitoring data throughout the project implementation. In addition, these pilot testing activities should be continued during the project implementation, so as to ensure all proposed NRW reduction and energy saving projections can be facilitated effectively, efficiently, and within the budget.Public Awareness and Early Communication targeting at community households for rehabilitation of CSP: Prior to any rehabilitations of either CSPs or secondary BPSs, public announcement and awareness program should be conducted, especially alerting community households to any temporary water service shut-downs during the construction period. Such temporary water service shut-downs could range from a week to a month in duration; and so proper coordination with the relevant communities and construction schedules for these rehabilitation works must be as short as possible. To minimize inconvenience to regular life of the affected households, water tank or re-routing the service pipelines to these users should be provided so that the construction can be conducted smoothly without any objections or complaints.Establishing a DMA Program and the Enforcement of Flow Meters and Pressure Regulating Valves: No matter whether for NRW reduction or energy saving activities, a DMA program should gradually be established and implemented based on a long-term program for each WSC, even for those were already rehabilitated community or secondary BPSs. Without an effective DMA program, the emergency maintenance team will not be able to effectively repair the inevitable leaks at pipeline joints or from bursting pipes. In order to make the DMA become an overall WSC-wide management plan, flow meters and pressure regulating valves should distinguish and separate service zones (or areas pending the pressure setting or other requirements, such as geographically or topographically). It is strongly suggested that all vaults be constructed with reinforced concrete instead of bricks so as to prevent water being stranded in the vault and potentially damaging the expensive equipment/devices, and also to minimize the effect to malfunctioning data transmission. Development of Long-term Leak Detection and Monitoring Programs: It is worthwhile for all WSCs to continue their relevant leak detection and monitoring programs for all facilities including NRW for transmission and representative community pipelines as the routine work. Relevant long-term leak detection and monitoring programs are strongly recommended to be developed based on the situation of each WSC but mainly focus on the assessment of existing facility operation, then to optimize the future system design and overall performance improvement. These activities will also need to be expanded to monitoring the energy consumption at all WSPs, major BPSs, and secondary BPSs, so as to capitalize on the less water pumping scenarios.Optimization of NRW Reduction Program: All records show that NRW is mainly coming from the distribution system operations (e.g., operating at higher pressure settings than required) and possibly due to inadequate pipeline materials or installation quality, in addition to typical aging of pipelines and/or poor connections for old urban districts particularly. Thus, developing an overall NRW reduction program, starting from higher pressure zones or larger diameter of water transmission mains and pipelines using all available leak detection equipment and device is essential for all WSCs, so that all possible sources of leaks can be identified. This can then serve as the backbone to the overall leak detection plan. A leak detection plan and better control of pressure settings can minimize potential NRW. For example, initial DMA implementation should focus on new development areas, rehabilitated communities, or high water demand areas. Fine-tuning the Basic Design of Secondary BPSs: For any WSCs, the basic pumping system design vs. the actual water demand needs to be thoroughly evaluated: i) re-assess the pumping requirements for each secondary BPS, based on its user characteristics, especially for period of low demand after midnight to minimize the unnecessary big pump installation and required pumping arrangement to cover all possible water supply demands; ii) it is also critical that any BPS must work along with the CSP to be rehabilitated already, otherwise the newly installed BPS may face a situation of too large for the rehabilitated community pipelines after its NRW reduction target is met; iii) secondary BPS handling multiple pressure settings (different building heights) or extremely variable water demands should be re-evaluated or re-designed to cope with separate piping system for different pressure requirements. To fine-tune the design for pumping station, especially the secondary BPS and future O&M, several factors need to be considered as presented in Appendix IX.Setup an Adequate Staff Training Program: For any activities to optimize the NRW reduction and/or energy saving approaches, well-trained personnel at all WSCs are necessary. An adequate and comprehensive staff training program should be established. The subject training program should at least include experienced trainers, well-planned activities and materials, and sufficient budget to support such basic staff development for all trainees. The training program should cover all basic engineering concepts of the water supply system, from the water intake, treatment to distribution, and ultimately to reach highest customer satisfactory, for both requirements of quality and quantity. Trainees should not only be staff for routine O&M but also for those managers who will take the lead on guiding these staff in their daily activities, so as to be able to handle unexpected situations or emergency responses. Utilize GIS and Hydraulic Models to Optimize System Operations: Typically, modern WSCs in China would have a computerized GIS and database to manage their assets. In addition to this function, a GIS can also assist the planning and management of future system expansion via a more accurate and systematic understanding the current system. Based on the available GIS and continuous data acquisitions, a water distribution system hydraulic model can also be developed – slowly, or in stages if need be, from a static mode and eventually to a dynamic mode to monitor the real-time system performance. With such a hydraulic model, each WSC can assess routine operational adjustments, evaluate pressure regulating options, or provide scenario analysis for re-routing temporary piping and/or for regular pipeline repair/replacement. It can also provide a more comprehensive simulation of the water distribution system and provide design considerations for overall system upgrades and/or modifications.Separate Pressure Zones and User-Pay Principle: Depending on the topographic conditions of the service area for each WSC, separate pressure zones can potentially be established to save energy and reduce NRW. This will also assist in reducing leaks. It is evident that the lower the pressure setting in the distribution system, the lower NRW. For regular users who have to pay for additional costs to support higher pressure setting for those who live in the high ground or high-rise buildings, it is somewhat unfair, even City Governments typically can only allow a flat rate for all users, except for special industrial or commercial purpose. The principle of User-Pay is quite common in developed countries, and for years has been used to differentiate payment by certain customers for their special needs, even though they may not intentionally request such extra service. Thus, a separate pressure zoning plan should be considered for all WSCs to optimize their system performance and to save the energy and water concurrently. Performance Based Contracts (PBCs): No matter what system has been upgraded or modified, the leak detection plans need to be continuously performed so as to ensure all investments in NRW reduction and energy savings are effective. The plans should cover the necessary staff and equipment/devices, and a long-term outlook to gradually cover the entire service area for all WSCs. Although it is a new concept to apply to PBCs to deal with the NRW reduction and energy saving, actually local WSCs have been testing similar activities either via outside assistance or using their own team. Thus, a localized PBC could be considered for those WSCs who have limited abilities to conduct such leak detection or energy saving approaches, so as to minimize the initial investment and slowly build up their own team’s capacities via these PBCs. ReferencesESMAP Technical Report, A Primer on Energy Efficiency for Municipal Water and Wastewater Utilities, February 2012Feng Liu, Energy Efficiency for Municipal Water and Wastewater Utilities, Energy Efficient Cities Imitative, ESMAP, March 2013America Water Works Association, Manual of Water Supply Practices No. 28, Rehabilitation of Water Mains, 2001America Water Works Association, Manual of Water Supply Practices No. 32 (2nd Edition), Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems, 2001America Water Works Association, Manual of Water Supply Practices No. 33 (2nd Edition), Flowmeters in Water Supply, 2006America Water Works Association, Manual of Water Supply Practices No. 36 (3rd Edition), Water Audits and Loss Control Programs, 2009Energy Efficiency in the UK Water Industry: Compendium of Best Practices and Case Studies, 2009~2010 USEPA, Ensuring Sustainable Future: An Energy Management Guidebook for Wastewater and Water Utilities, January 2008USEPA, A Best Practice Guide: Water System Operator Roles and Responsibilities, September 2006Water Environment Federation, Manual of Practice No. 32,Energy Conservation in Water and Wastewater Treatment Facilities, 2012Water Environment Federation, Driving Water and Wastewater Utilities to More Sustainable Energy Management, October 2012Rachel Young, A Survey of Energy Use in Water Companies - An ACEEE White Paper, June 2015Melody et al., Improving Energy Efficiency and Reducing Costs in the Drinking Water Supply Industry: An Energy Star Resource Guide for Energy and Plant Managers, Office of Scientific & Technical Information Technical Reports, September 2010Xu et al., Energy Saving Measures for Water Supply Plant, Renewable Energy Resources, 2008 Lalith Wijesinghe, Investigation on Energy Conservation Potentials and Benchmarking for Drinking Water Supply Schemes, May 2013Liu et al., Energy Saving in Operation for Municipal Water Supply System, Journal of Energy Resource and Energy Saving, February 2015?World Resources Institute, Water Energy Nexus in the Urban Water Source Selection: A Case Study from Qingdao, 2015DHI, Integrated Water Management, Water Management Forum, Shanghai, China, April 2016GB 50013-2006, National Standard of Design Specification of Outdoor Water Supply, Ministry of Housing, Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, September 2011GB/T 7119-2006, National Standard of Evaluation Guideline for Water Saving Enterprises, Chinese National General Agency of Quality Monitoring, Inspection, and Quarantine, July 2006GB/T 26922-2011, National Standard of Guideline for Water Saving Users in Service Industry, Chinese National General Agency of Quality Monitoring, Inspection, and Quarantine, September 2011Yin et al., Research of Current and Future Urban Water Supply Distribution System Optimization, Journal of Environmental Science and Management, January 2014Plappally et al., Energy Requirements for Water Production, Treatment, End Use, Reclamation, and Disposal, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012Vietnam Urban Water Supply Project, Ho-Chi-Minh City Non-Revenue Water Reduction Sub-project, Performance Based Contract, February 2012Bill Kingdom, Roland Liemberger, Philippe Marin, The Challenge of Reducing NRW in Developing Countries How the Private Sector Can Help: A Look at Performance-Based Service Contracting, December 2006Wyatt et al, Using Performance Based Contracts to Reduce Non-Revenue Water, June 2016Appendix IDetailed Approaches and MethodologiesI.1WorkshopsWorkshops were designed for the Liaoning project management office (PPMO), project cities of Anshan, Fushun, Fuxin, Gaizhou and Shenyang, and the World Bank team to exchange thoughts about the ESMAP TA activities related to the operation data collection and assessment and then develop programs for pilot testing for all WSCs and, eventually, to share findings of the testing results periodically.The first workshop was conducted in November 2016 to brief the Liaoning PPMO and all five WSCs on the objectives of the TA, providing an initial understanding of the NRW reduction and energy saving programs. Outlining approaches and ideas were exchanged on how to achieve such programs based on the relevant facility O&M of each company. In January 2017, the second workshop on self-evaluation of company performance including power usage auditing was conducted for all WSCs. With the initial respective pilot testing programs for all WSCs, workshops were conducted in March and April 2017 for what has been assessed for each WSC.The final workshop of the TA was held in September 2017, in Fushun of Liaoning province, China to share information on what NRW reduction and energy savings can be achieved through a similar exercise for all WSCs in China. Attendees included representatives from the Liaoning PMO and all WSCs. About 40 people attended the workshop, which covered four major topics related to energy saving, the application of district metering area (DMA). All five WSCs and Liaoning PPMO were invited to present their lesson learned through this TA activities and future plan for both NRW reduction and energy saving. A question and answer session included inquiries and recommendations pertaining to both topics and actual experiences were presented during project implementation. All valuable comments and constructive recommendations for the TA were then incorporated into the final report.I.2Candidate Facilities and EquipmentTypical areas or units for water supply and treatment facilities including booster pumping stations (BPSs) where energy savings are potentially high can be easily identified from regular operation records of power consumption and/or discussion with facility personnel. For comparison purposes and effective implementation of pilot testing programs, visits were conducted to candidate sites such as WSP, BPSs and community with aging pipelines for all WSCs.For any WSC, its water supply system O&M dictates the overall company performance, especially with regard to the water distribution system. Most Chinese WSCs set up an incentive program, not to encourage staff to lower their costs in WSP operations, but to meet the water supply demand (in terms of quantity and pressure). Especially important is the objective of receiving few or no complaints from the customers. Ways exist in a number of areas to save energy (and equivalent costs) while meeting the basic requirements of water supply, making O&M more cost effective, and reducing the air pollution and GHG associated with the coal-generated power on which China relies:water intake: measuring water level and analyzing demand for efficient pumping (multi-pumps versus variable frequency drive, or VFD) to support design optimizationsedimentation and filtration system: using pressure gauges and control mechanisms to minimize backwashing requirements and optimizing the production water tank operation scheme based on the actual demand scenarioswater produced and distribution system: assessing the separate pressure zones based on service requirements, produced water and booster pumping, and peak and low demand management (demand, pressure, and backflow prevention) including major and secondary booster pumping requirementsheating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and lights: using sensors or timer controls to maintain adequate temperature and brightness for all working areas and for different seasons of the yearnon-revenue water (NRW): maintaining adequate pressure to minimize water leakage and water losses using reclaimed water I.3Case Study Facility and Site VisitsTo obtain a better understanding of the regular system control and management, especially with regard to the power consumption situation for various facilities, visits were conducted to the most representative facilities for all WSCs. These included discussions with the facility operators or superintendents on their routine work and responsibilities and facility performance. Thorough discussions were conducted beforehand with the responsible departments of each WSCs to ensure all collected data match and consistent. Visits were made to the WSPs and secondary BPSs since they are typical major power consumption facilities for most of WSCs. Photos in Appendix III show that relevant facilities such as WSPs and secondary BPSs were visited including representative flowmeter vaults.I.4Development of QuestionnairesBased on initial discussions with all WSCs and preliminary records of NRW situations and power consumption provided, a set of general questionnaire was developed. It was validated first with all WSCs to seek for their inputs so to make these questionnaires more comprehensive and closer to the reality as shown in Appendix II.The first round of data assessment for all available power consumption records further showed that pumping stations for both water intake, produced and distribution are the major energy contributors of the relevant WSPs. Based on questionnaires developed, basic data of each WSC and their operation logs were obtained on water produced and sold for NRW reduction estimates and energy consumption for secondary BPSs were collected in Appendix II.After relevant pilot testing for all WSCs were conducted, results of operational data and records of power consumption from rehabilitated and un-rehabilitated case studies were collected and assessed. Analyses of all collected data will be used to estimate the NRW reduction and potential energy savings for the project were summarized in Appendix VII.I.5Pilot Testing ProgramsTo demonstrate that actual NRW reduction and energy savings could be targeted and achieved in the facilities identified by all WSCs, separate pilot testing programs were developed. Based on the discussions with the associated managers of all WSCs, candidate facilities were confirmed to implement the testing program.For all WSCs, main focus of the pilots with NRW reduction and energy usage efficiency was on CSP and the secondary BSP pumping. Monitoring results of pilot testing were then used to estimate the NRW reduction and energy saving could be achieved via all these pilots.I.6Management Action PlansThe results of the pilot testing program conducted by all WSCs were used to estimate the potential NRW reduction and energy savings that can be achieved after project implementation. Scenarios for both topics were developed based on the pilot-scale findings and projected for larger-scale testing results.Though NRW reduction can be contributed via water distribution mains, CSP, and functional flowmeters for district level to each household, most distribution mains have been repaired or replaced, so the focus of the World Bank loan is used for later two elements. With the NRW reduction to be achieved, it will not save the precious water but also save significant energy to less pumping requirements from water intake, treatment, distribution and eventually to each secondary BPSs.Energy savings can be achieved through different approaches, mainly focusing on pumps especially in terms of improving their efficiency (through repair or equipment adjustment), unless they are at their replacement stage. The motors associated with this equipment are the most critical element for all potential energy saving. By using the energy-saving scenarios, relevant management action plans and associated indicative budgets for these plans were estimated for budgeting purposes.Appendix II Sample QuestionnairesAppendix IIIRepresentative Photos of Field Visit to All WSCs(submitted in separate file)Appendix IVBasic Information of WSCs(keep in project file)Appendix V-1Estimates of Historical NRW Breakdowns(keep in project file)Appendix V-2Historical Power Usage and Percentage Estimates(keep in project file)Appendix VIDetailed Breakdown of estimated targetsBreakdown of NRW Reductions via World Bank LoanSource: Estimates provided by all WSCs, April 2017 Breakdown of Energy Saving via World Bank LoanSource: Estimates provided by all WSCs, April 2017 APpendix VIICase Studies of Rehabilitated and To-be-RehabilitatedAppendix VIIIMonitoring Data of Case Studies for Rehabilitation(keep in project file)Appendix IXDESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PUMPING STATIONAll pumping stations should be re-evaluated for their basic design, such as flow rates (average, peak and low), available head (dynamic or static) upstream of pump inlet, piping and valve control, monitoring equipment/device; pump selection including characteristics and efficiency against the required system operation curve, so that all selected pumps can perform as designed.Pump Curves and Efficiency: Two types of pump curve presented in Figures A-1 and A-2 demonstrate typical pump operating curves for individual and multiple system pump operations. These two curves have typically been overlooked by most Chinese DIs during the design stage and relevant users during the system implementation and operation stages. Figure A-1 Typical Pump Curve for Centrifugal PumpFigure A-2 Characteristics of Multiple Pump CurvesAnother critical operation feature is the static head available from the existing distribution system. This is typically overlooked or even neglected while calculating the pumping efficiency and energy consumption. In addition, Chinese DIs typically like to size the pump using the worst-case scenario, that is using the maximum pumping requirement for lifting water from the upstream pipelines or storage tanks to their end users. Yet, in reality, certain amount of static head is still available within the distribution system and should be capitalized during regular operation. Low flow, especially during night time, should be monitored for as many months as possible, so to better size the pump characteristic or units to accommodate the variable flow situations for any service areas.VFD Cannot Solve All Issues: Motor with VFD control should be carefully evaluated for each pump, especially for selecting the adequate size of pumps to deal with the peak and low demand periods, not only to accommodate flow variations but also to be able to optimize the system control mechanism. Also, system operation should ensure all operation conditions are well designed and controlled within the most efficient range for all motors with the provision of VFD, to achieve better energy saving. It is important to recognize that VFD is a good mechanism for flow control but not an almighty solution for some people thought it would be.Pump Selection Scenario for Secondary BPSs: For secondary BPS with or without produced water storage tank, its available pressure residual head should be capitalized as much as they could and to optimize the static head availability for routine operation and thereby accomplish the best energy saving options. In addition, using different size of pumps to provide variable flows to handle the maximum and minimum flow conditions can be an alternative option for certain secondary BPSs. For this type of setup, less standby pump units can be achieved to save the capital investment and less O&M budget as well. For cities need to accommodate high-rise buildings, multi-zone secondary BPS will need to thoroughly consider all possible factors of pumping control since the pressure and flow conditions are more complicated and sensitive than single-zone secondary BPS.4198513826931High Zone BPS00High Zone BPS39588851116383Mid Zone BPS00Mid Zone BPS Popular Setup of Secondary BPS in China Multi-Zone Secondary Pumping StationAlso, hydro-pneumatic tank with adequate flow and pressure control can provide small communities a better service than a traditional pumping station with complicated control. This alternative should be considered for certain secondary BPS, especially for Gaizhou WSC since its BPSs are relative small. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download