How are programming languages made

    • [PDF File]Large Scale Study of Programming Languages and Code Quality in Github

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      Identifying top languages. The top languages in GitHub are measured by first finding the number of open source GitHub projects developed in each language, and then choosing the top languages with the maximum number of projects. However, since multiple languages are often used to develop a project, assigning a single language to a project is ...


    • [PDF File]The language of programming: a cognitive perspective

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      programming language, you acquire a symbolic system that can be used to creatively express yourself and communicate with others. The process of teaching programming can therefore be informed by pedagogies for developing linguistic fluency. The term “programming languages” already implies parallels to natural language. However, to rigorously


    • [PDF File]Usability of Programming Languages-v9 - University of Cambridge

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      Usability of Programming Languages ... ‘mutilated’ their understanding of programming (an accusation made by Dijkstra against the languages BASIC and COBOL). These desirably virginal novices were often described as “naïve” users – another term that should be used carefully, because it would be derogatory outside a technical ...


    • [PDF File]Studying the Difference Between Natural and Programming Language Corpora

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      arise from deliberate choices made by programmers. Below, we explore a few theories of why the syntax of source code may be more repetitive than the syntax of natural language. ... nel vocabulary in most programming languages, but other identifiers like registeredStudent could fall under Petersen’s unlimited lexicon.


    • [PDF File]Principles of Programming Languages Version 1.0 - Johns Hopkins University

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      In this book, our goal is to study the fundamental concepts in programming languages, as opposed to learning a range of speci c languages. Languages are easy to learn, it is the concepts behind them that are di cult. The basic features we study in turn in-clude higher-order functions, data structures in the form of records and variants, mutable


    • [PDF File]Semantics of Programming Languages - University of Cambridge

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      This is a graduate-level text, covering a great deal of material on programming language semantics. The first half (through to Chapter 15) is relevant to this course, and some of the later material relevant to the Part II Types course. •Pierce, B. C. (ed) (2005) Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages. MIT Press.


    • [PDF File]The next 700 programming languages - Carnegie Mellon University

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      1,700 special programming languages used to 'com- municate' in over 700 application areas."--Computer Software Issues, an American Mathematical Association Prospectus, July 1965. ... ISWIM," whose texts are made up of "textual elements," characterized without commitment to a particular physical representation. There is a physical representation ...


    • [PDF File]Lecture 4: Functional Programming Languages (SML) - Virginia Tech

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      Functional programs are made up of functions applied to data We write expressions rather than commands Pure functional languages have no side e ects ML is not a pure language ... Programming Languages | Lecture 3 | Functional Languages (SML) 15 Type Inference and Overloading ML attempts to infer type from values of expressions


    • [PDF File]Principles of Programming Languages - Department of Computer Science ...

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      these languages made, and compare these decisions to more familiar languages you have used to this point. ... But programming languages exhibit the same fascinating de-sign questions, trade-offs, and limitations that are inherent in all software design. Indeed, the various software used to implement programming languages—that ...


    • [PDF File]CONCEPTS IN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES - Stanford University

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      Programming languages are the medium of expression in the art of computer pro-gramming. An ideal programming language will make it easy for programmers to ... some bygone era, we can give more serious thought to why language designers made certain decisions. This way of thinking about languages and computing may help us in the future, when ...


    • [PDF File]CONCEPTS IN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

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      Programming languages are the medium of expression in the art of computer pro-gramming. An ideal programming language will make it easy for programmers to ... As a disclaimer, let me point out that I have not made an attempt to be comprehensive in my brief biographical comments. I have tried to liven up the text with a bit of humor when ...


    • [PDF File]Implementing Programming Languages - Chalmers

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      feature of programming language syntax easily. Assignments 2, 3, and 4 deal with a smaller part of C++, but contain everything that is needed for writing useful programs: arithmetic expressions, declarations and assignments, if-else clauses, while loops, blocks, functions. They will give the basic understanding of how programming languages work,


    • [PDF File]Conception, Evolution, and Application of Functional Programming Languages

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      Functional Programming Languages 361 Programming Language Spectrum Imperative languages are characterized as having an implicit state that is modified (i.e., side effected) by constructs (i.e., com- mands) in the source language. As a result, such languages generally have a notion of


    • [PDF File]L14N Programming Languages - Stanford University

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      Japanese Government made logic programming the centerpiece of a $400 million dollar effort called “&ifth eneration omputer Systems (&' S),” which was designed ... Instead, most programming languages allow a function to have side effects, such as changing global variables, or modifying the state of the world (e.g., adding


    • [PDF File]Programming Languages: History and Future - Department of Computer ...

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      efforts--although relatively few--have been made to record certain historical aspects of this field, e.g. Rosen [12, 13], Bemer [6], Sammet [14]. 1 Every author, includ- ... considering programming languages there are a number of phases, each of which is important in the overall development, but which is almost impossible in retro- ...


    • [PDF File]ReSpecTX: Programming Interaction Made Easy

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      5 the lack of features typical of state-of-art programming languages—like static-checking 6 and live debugging. 7 On the other hand, in the MAS area – where coordination models and languages are


    • [PDF File]The A-Z of Programming Languages

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      for many of the advanced features in other programming languages. Ada was one of the first widely-used languages to have a language construct representing an abstraction (a package), an abstract data type (a private type), multi-threading (tasks), generic templates, exception handling, strongly-typed separate compilation, subprogram inlining, etc.


    • [PDF File]Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages - Carnegie Mellon University

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      Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages CHRISTOPHER STRACHEY Reader in Computation at Oxford University, Programming Research Group, 45 Banbury Road, Oxford, UK Abstract. This paper forms the substance of a course of lectures given at the International Summer School in ... definition should always be made as precise as possible although ...


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