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[DOC File]Phylogeny Estimation: Hypothesis testing
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If they are distantly related, many complications arise because the rate of synonymous substitution is generally much higher than that of non synonymous. Substitutions that result in amino acid replacements are said to be nonsynonymous while substitutions that do not cause an amino acid replacement (such as a GGG to GGC change - both codons still encode glycine) are said to be synonymous ...
synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation

[DOCX File]>AtTPC1
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Synonymous substitutions do not change protein sequence and therefore are unlikely to affect protein function (Ng and Henikoff, 2006). The non-synonymous SNPs in TPK1 are found in the 4th transmembrane domain (TMD) and in the 1st EF-hand which is present in the cytoplasmic C-terminus. Apart from very few exceptions, ecotypes either show the S261; N295 or the T261; S295 genotype in …
synonymous substitution definition

[DOC File]Mol Biol Evol - UAB Barcelona
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Thus, possible sources of bias caused by random fluctuations in either the synonymous or non-synonymous rate estimations at a single site is removed. Our model is based on two hidden Markov models that operate on the spatial dimension: one describes the dependency between adjacent non-synonymous rates while the other describes the dependency between adjacent synonymous rates. …
nonsynonymous mutation definition

[DOC File]Chapter 10
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If the observed substitutions are neutral, the ratio of replacement to synonymous fixed differences between species should be the same as the ratio of replacement to synonymous polymorphisms within species. DNA sequence data on the Adh locus (encoding alcohol dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.1) in three species in the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup do not fit this expectation; instead, there ...
synonymous amino acid change

[DOC File]BISC/CS303 - Wellesley College
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Synonymous evolution is generally faster than non-synonymous evolution because fewer synonymous mutations are deleterious than non-synonymous mutations, and more synonymous mutations are neutral than non-synonymous mutations. However, under conditions of natural selection, the numbers of non-synonymous mutations can increase (while the number of synonymous …
synonymous substitution rate

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In addition to the specific rules in subdivisions a to e of Division B of Part I of the Act that govern the computation of different kinds of income and permit ...
synonymous mutations

[DOCX File]Thesis.docx - UVM
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Four of the informative synonymous substitutions are found uniting group 3 while the other three are found uniting taxa in group two, at various nodes. Nine of the 11 autapomorphic nonsynonymous substitutions can be found in . P. stubellii (four), P. polyphyllum (two), and . P. dubium (three), the remaining two substitutions are found in . P. pallidum. and. P. platyphyllum. with one each. All ...
synonymous mutation define

[DOC File]Part Three: Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis
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ACU > ACC synonymous substitution. Thr > Thr (3) Examination of the patterns of degeneracy in the genetic code shows that nonsynonymous substitutions occur mostly in the first and second positions of the codon, whereas synonymous substitutions occur mostly in the third position. However, there are several exceptions to this rule.
synonymous substitution

[DOC File]GSC Proposal template - Broad Institute
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Because of concern for the development of enterococcal infection, particularly in cancer and transplant patients, select academic centers follow immune compromised patients closely by examining possible fecal carriage of multidrug resistant enterococci. In some cases, those same strains have emerged in the bloodstream of patients, and following treatment with linezolid or daptomycin, have ...
synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation

Synonymous substitutions are possible because